Model Based Pressure Control of a Push Belt Continuously Variable Transmission

A Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) is a type of transmissions that provides a continuous range of speed ratios, thus it allows increasing the overall powertrain efficiency by running the engine at the optimal operating points. This paper investigates implementing a model based hydraulic pressure controller to achieve the desired CVT gear ratio. A map of desired gear ratios was estimated using the Optimal Operating Line (OOL) strategy, which minimizes the engine fuel consumption according to a defined cost function and a set of systems constraints. The controller was implemented in a complete vehicle model that includes driver, powertrain and road load models. The model was subjected to two different driving cycles and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the control strategy and the pressure controller in keeping the engine at the most efficient operating regions.

DENTING AND FAILURE OF LIQUID-FILLED TUBES UNDER LATERAL IMPACT

In this paper, numerical simulation of impact cases of liquid-filled tube impacted by missiles is conducted with a commercial finite element code LS-DYNA, and the results obtained are compared with the experimental data to verify the validity of the numerical simulation model adopted. With the verified numerical method, the processes of dynamic response of a blunt indenter impacting an empty or liquid-filled three-span continuous tubular beam are studied when the parameter such ms the indenter＇s mass, liquid＇s density or impact velocity is varied and the other conditions are kept the same. The simulation results indicate that the criticM perforation energy and the deformation of the wall of the pipe are significantly influenced by the presence of the liquid and the pressure. The liquid filling the tube provides a ＇foundation＇ pressure to resist and localize the deformation, which may affect the perforation process and lead to a reduction of the ballistic limit. The simulation results also indicate that the increase of the fluid density filled in the tube will decrease the ballistic limit, but the fluid density must be in some scope. The relationship between the ballistic limit velocity of the tube and the mass of the impact missile is nonlinear in the Cartesian coordinate while it becomes linear through logarithmic transformation.

Computational tools for Hi-C data analysis

Background： In eukaryotic genome, chromatin is not randomly distributed in cell nuclei, but instead is organized into higher-order structures. Emerging evidence indicates that these higher-order chromatin structures play important roles in regulating genome functions such as transcription and DNA replication. With the advancement in 3C （chromosome conformation capture） based technologies, Hi-C has been widely used to investigate genome-wide long- range chromatin interactions during cellular differentiation and oncogenesis. Since the first publication of Hi-C assay in 2009, lots of bioinformatic tools have been implemented for processing Hi-C data from mapping raw reads to normalizing contact matrix and high interpretation, either providing a whole workflow pipeline or focusing on a particular process. Results： This article reviews the general Hi-C data processing workflow and the currently popular Hi-C data processing tools. We highlight on how these tools are used for a full interpretation of Hi-C results. Conclusions： Hi-C assay is a powerful tool to investigate the higher-order chromatin structure. Continued development of novel methods for Hi-C data analysis will be necessary for better understanding the regulatory function of genome organization.