Emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8)clade 2.3.4.4b viruses in grebes in Inner Mongolia and Ningxia,China,in 2021

Highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI)subtype H5Nx viruses have spread globally and are a major concern for poultry,wild birds,mammals,and even humans(de Vries et al.2015;Zeng et al.2022).The hemagglutinin(HA)genes of H5 subtype viruses have evolved into multiple clades and some of these clades have been further divided into subclades(Cui et al.2022).Clade 2.3.4.4H5N8 HPAI viruses(HPAIVs)have caused several waves of disease outbreaks in wild birds and domestic poultry(Wang et al.2022).

Morphological and phylogenetical analysis reveals that a new tapeworm species (Cestoda: Hymenolepididae) from whooper swan belongs to Cloacotaenia not Hymenolepis

During a helminthological study of waterfowl in China,a new species(Cloacotaenia cygnimorbus sp.nov.)of hymenolepidid cestodes(tapeworm)was found in the small intestine of whooper swan(Cygnus cygnus,Linnaeus,1758).The rudimentary rostellum and four unarmed muscular suckers,proglottids with distinct craspedote and three spherical testes were coincident with the characters of Cloacotaenia or Hymenolepis,but phylogenetic analysis of 28S rRNA and cox1 gene revealed that the new species is Cloacotaenia rather than Hymenolepis.Its morphology was also clearly diff erentiated from C.megalops in the arrangement of its testes in a triangle instead of in line and the cirrus unarmed rather than spined.Compared with C.megalops,the new species has more elongated neck,much larger mature proglottids and much smaller testes,cirrus sac,ovary,vitellarium and uterine proglottid.In addition,it infected the host intestine not the cloacae.Phylogenetic analysis of cox1 gene of the new species shows that it had a level of sequence variation(10.52–23.06%)with the sequences of C.megalops.The considerable morphological and molecular diff erences between those two parasites support C.cygnimorbus sp.nov.as a new species.

Correction to:Morphological and phylogenetical analysis reveals that a new tapeworm species(Cestoda:Hymenolepididae)from whooper swan belongs to Cloacotaenia not Hymenolepis

Correction to:J.For.Res.(2020)31(6):2581-2587 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-019-01036-2 After publication of this article,it was brought to our atten-tion that the legend to Figure 1 did not state that Figure 1d was adapted from Figure 1d of Makarikov and Tkach(2013).In addition,Makarikov and Tkach(2013)should have been cited in the methods section.

Prevalence and molecular characterization of Pentatrichomonas hominis in Siberian tigers(Panthera tigris altaica)in northeast China

INTRODUCTION Pentatrichomonas hominis,an anaerobic flagellated protozoan that inhabits the large intestines of mammals and belongs to the Trichomonadidae family(Wenrich 1944;Kim et al.2010;Li et al.2014b,2016,2018a,2020;Maritz et al.2014;Zhang et al.2019),is mainly transmitted through the fecal-oral route.It was originally presumed to be a commensal protozoan(Tolbert et al.2012)but was found to cause gastrointestinal symptoms.

A dual-role of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein in regulating innate immune response

The recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2),which is the causative agent of ongoing global pan demic of COVID-19,may trigger imm uno suppression in the early stage and overactive immune resp onse in the late stage of infection;However,the un derlying mecha nisms are not well understood.Here we dem on strated that the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid(N)protein dually regulated innate immune responses,i.e.,the low-dose N protein suppressed type I interferon(IFN-I)signaling and inflammatory cytokines,whereas high-dose N protein promoted IFN-I signaling and inflammatory cytokines.Mechanistically,the SARS-CoV-2 N protein dually regulated the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of IRF3,STAT1,and STAT2.Additi on ally,low-dose N protein combined with TRIM25 could suppress the ubiquitination and activatio n of retinoic acidinducible gene I(RIG-I).Our findings revealed a regulatory mechanism of innate immune responses by the SARS-CoV-2 N protein,which would contribute to understanding the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and other SARS-like coronaviruses,and development of more effective strategies for controlling COVID-19.

An initial coprological survey of parasitic fauna in the wild Amur leopard(Panthera pardus orientalis)

The Amur leopard,one of nine recently recognized subspecies of leopard,is still the most threatened by a stochastic procession of extinction.Evaluation of the potential danger to the conservation of the Amur leopard originating from disease urgently needs to be studied.Unfortunately,research on the potential risk to Amur leopards caused by disease is rare.In terms of parasitic diseases that affect this species,even basic data for parasitic fauna are absent.The aim of this study is to acquire this knowledge to improve the general understanding of Amur leopard parasites.Seven parasite species,including 3 nematodes(Toxocara cati,a capillarid-type parasite,and a Metastrongyloideatype parasite),2 cestodes(Spirometra sp.and Taenia sp.),1 trematode(Paragonimus sp.),and 1 protozoan(Cystoisospora felis),were found in this research.Toxocara cati occurred most frequently,followed by Spirometra sp.