FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)in Photosensitive Type Chrysanthemum Accelerates Flowering in Arabidopsis

FLOWERING LOCUS T(FT)is an important factor for integrating flowering signals through the photoperiod pathway,which significantly promotes flowering.Most chrysanthemum varieties are short-day plants,sensitive to the photoperiod,which limits their ornamental and annual production supply.In this study,we aim to analyze the nutrients and flowering-related genes of chrysanthemums with different photoperiod types and to clone and verify the function of the flowering-related gene CmFT.We found that the formation of floral buds requires the accumulation of starch while consuming soluble sugars and the expression patterns of flowering-related genes GIGANTEA(GI),CONSTANS(CO),and FT in C.morifolium‘Zilian’and C.morifolium‘Zihongtuogui’had a certain synchronization during floral buds differentiation according to our quantitative validation,and the expression levels of CmGI,CmCO and CmFT in C.morifolium‘Zihongtuogui’were higher than those in C.morifolium.‘Zilian’in the later stage of differentiation.CmFT was cloned from photosensitive chrysanthemums-C.morifolium‘Zihongtuogui’and polypeptide alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that CmFT was clustered in FT-like subfamily.In further functional verification,we obtained two Arabidopsis transgenic lines.Our results showed that CmFT transgenic ft mutant lines can significantly accelerate flowering in Arabidopsis.Thus,we can initially confirm that CmFT plays an important role in promoting flowering,which may be the key reason for the photosensitivity of C.morifolium‘Zihongtuogui’.Overall,the results of this study are of great importance in revealing the flowering mechanism of different photoperiod types of chrysanthemums.

Acidic Magnetic Biocarbon-Enabled Upgrading of Biomass-Based Hexanedione into Pyrroles

Sustainable acquisition of bioactive compounds from biomass-based platform molecules is a green alternative for existing CO_(2)-emitting fossil-fuel technologies.Herein,a core–shell magnetic biocarbon catalyst functionalized with sulfonic acid(Fe3O4@SiO_(2)@chitosan-SO_(3)H,MBC-SO_(3)H)was prepared to be efficient for the synthesis of various N-substituted pyrroles(up to 99% yield)from bio-based hexanedione and amines under mild conditions.The abundance of Bronsted acid sites in the MBC-SO_(3)H ensured smooth condensation of 2,5-hexanedione with a variety of amines to produce N-substituted pyrroles.The reaction was illustrated to follow the conventional Pall-Knorr coupling pathway,which includes three cascade reaction steps:amination,loop closure and dehydration.The prepared MBC-SO_(3)H catalyst could effectively activate 2,5-hexanedione,thus weakening the dependence of the overall conversion process on the amine nucleophilicity.The influence of different factors(e.g.,reaction temperature,time,amount of catalyst,molar ratio of substrates,and solvent type)on the reaction activity and selectivity were investigated comprehensively.Moreover,the MBC-SO_(3)H possessed excellent thermochemical stability,reusability,and easy separation due to the presence of magnetic core-shell structures.Notably,there was no activity attenuation after 5 consecutive catalytic experiments.This work demonstrates a wide range of potential applications of developing functionalized core-shell magnetic materials to construct bioactive backbones from biomass-based platform molecules.

New-generation Migrant Workers' Urban Adaptation: A Case Study of Jianggan District in Hangzhou City

New-generation migrant workers are the " elite" among migrant workers,and whether they can really adapt to the city is one of the real problems to be urgently solved during China's new urbanization,related to the success of new urbanization construction. From the perspective of livelihood capital,this paper uses the measuring indicators in line with the new-generation migrant workers' livelihood characteristics,to analyze the typical characteristics and causes of new-generation migrant workers' urban adaptation in Jianggan District of Hangzhou City based on field survey data. In the study,it is found that the new-generation migrant workers' urban adaptation characteristics are focused on life adaptation,work adaptation and cultural adaptation,but the adaptation in the three areas is not good and there is a big room for improvement.