Changes in snow parameterization over typical vegetation in the Northern Hemisphere

季节性降雪对气候变化很敏感,常被当作气候变化的信号.由于其局地特征差异显著,不同下垫面类型的积雪过程也不尽相同.北半球中高纬度的典型下垫面(开阔灌丛,常绿针叶林和混交林)在积雪覆盖率和雪深之间有着独特的关系曲线,这种关系不仅代表了积雪过程和融雪过程的特征变化,更能用于模式进行积雪预测.研究发现,北半球中高纬度的增温改变了积雪参数化关系,进一步影响了局地能量和水循环,造成开阔灌丛的北缩和常绿针叶林及混交林的扩张.然而,目前模式中的积雪参数化并不能很好地再现全球变暖影响下融雪阶段出现的加速融化过程,并且进一步影响对春季融雪的生态影响的理解.

癌症相关性炎症与肿瘤微环境相关研究进展

癌症相关性炎症是癌症的关键特征之一。多种细胞因子参与炎症及其调控,在影响肿瘤生物学的诸多因素中扮演重要角色。炎症通过改变肿瘤组织内稳态,参与构建肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME)。TME浸润细胞分泌的多种细胞因子相互作用构成复杂的细胞因子网络,通过促炎、免疫编辑以及免疫逃逸等多种机制发挥促肿瘤作用。本文拟就炎症、细胞因子网络与肿瘤微环境的相关研究进展予以综述。

Analysis of Nutritional Ingredients and Planting Techniques of Quinoa

Quinoa( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is native to South America,and its grains are mainly used. In recent years,using quinoa seedlings as a vegetable have become more and more popular. In this paper,the biological characteristics,nutritional ingredients and health functions of quinoa were introduced in detail,and on the basis of experiments and production,a set of scientific cultivation techniques was summarized to promote the large-scale cultivation of this characteristic vegetable.

Present Situations and Suggestions for Large-scale Development of Chenopodium quinoa Willd.

In this paper,based on the study of Chenopodium quinoa Willd.planting,it is concluded that the current situations of large-scale development of C.quinoa Willd.include the following four aspects:first,the research on C.quinoa Willd.varieties needs to be strengthened;second,it is insufficient to master the training environment and cultivation techniques;third,the large-scale planting of C.quinoa Willd.is not enough;fourth,the degree of mechanization of C.quinoa Willd.planting is not enough.In view of the above situation,this paper puts forward the following effective suggestions to strengthen the large-scale development of C.quinoa Willd.:the first is to increase the investment in C.quinoa Willd.variety research;the second is to strengthen the analysis of introduction and screening of C.quinoa Willd.varieties;the third is to study the best planting environment and cultivation techniques of C.quinoa Willd.;the fourth is to increase the scale of mechanized production of C.quinoa Willd.;the fifth is to increase the research and development of C.quinoa Willd.related products and their deep processing technology.

A Simple and High Quality Method for Isolation and Extraction of Total RNA of Pholiota adipose

Analyzing functional values of RNA using RNA-seq technology is a hot spot of researches. In order to study the medicinal value of Pholiota adipose from the transcriptome level,it is necessary to extract and isolate RNA samples of high purity and high quality P. adipose. In this study,liquid nitrogen grinding Trizol one-step method was used to extract the total RNA of P. adipose. Quality test and statistical comparative analysis were carried out for RNA extract of liquid nitrogen grinding treated and untreated P. adipose. The results showed that the concentration of RNA in the samples treated with liquid nitrogen was much higher than that of the samples without grinding treatment. The OD260/280 of both was about 2,indicating that the purity of RNA was very high. Besides,the ratio of fluorescence intensity of 25 S and 18 S subunit strips of three replicate samples was 1. 8,1. 9,and 1. 9,close to 2,indicating RNA integrity is good. RIN test results of Agilent 2100 were 9. 1,8. 7,and 9. 3,higher than the standard value 6. 8,further proving the integrity. In sum,liquid nitrogen grinding Trizol one-step method is a very simple and efficient method for extracting high quality total RNA of P. adipose.

Characteristics of Cheuopodium quinoa and Development Recommendations

Cheuopodium quinoa is annual Chenopodiaceae Cheuopodium herbaceous dicotyledon. It originated in the Andes in South America and has a planting history of more than 5000 years. Due to its unique characteristics,Cheuopodium quinoa has received wide attention in recent years. This paper elaborated the biological characteristics,nutritional value,utilization approach and economic benefits of Cheuopodium quinoa,introduced main problems in the development of Cheuopodium quinoa industry,and finally came up with recommendations for the development Cheuopodium quinoa industry in China.

Effects of Sowing Time on Biological Yield of Forage Sorghum[Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench] in Autumn Idle Land

[Objective] This study was performed to explore the correlation between sowing time and biological yield of forage sorghum in autumn. [Method] In field trials,forage sorghum was sown on six different dates( July 23,July 29,August 6,August 14,August 22 and August 30). Then,seedling emergence stage,jointing stage,booting stage,heading stage,filling stage,fresh weight and dry weight in each plot were observed or measured. Finally,linear regression analysis on these data was carried out to deduce the correlation between sowing date and biological yield of forage sorghum. [Result]Sowing time showed a significant influence on biological yield of forage sorghum in idle land,and the biological yield of forage sorghum linearly decreased with the postponement of sowing time. The relationship between sowing time and biological yield of forage sorghum can be represented by the regression equations y_(fresh)= 196. 646-4. 625 x and y_(dry)= 58. 253-1. 423 x,wherein,x is sowing date,y_(fresh)and y_(dry)are the fresh weight and dry weight of forage sorghum. On average,the fresh weight of forage sorghum was reduced by 4. 625 kg/20 m^2,and dry weight by 1. 423 kg/20 m^2,when the sowing date was delayed by one day from July 23 to August 30. [Conclusion]The regression models built in this study will provide a theoretical basis for improving the yield of forage sorghum in autumn idle land.

Research on Extraction and Purification Technology of Flavonoids from Quinoa (Cheuopodium quinoa) Leaves

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the extraction process of quiona(Cheuopodium quinoa)leaves.[Methods]Firstly,single factor experiments were carried out with the volume fraction of ethanol,extraction time,extraction temperature and liquid-to-material ratio as factors.Based on the single factor experiments,a response surface test was designed by the central composite design method of Design-Expert software to establish a mathematical model.[Results]The optimal extraction conditions of quinoa flavonoids were obtained as follows:the ethanol volume fraction of 70%,the liquid-to-material ratio at 30∶1,the extraction time of 100 min and the extraction temperature at 60℃.[Conclusions]The results of the study are stable with small deviation,and can provide reference for related processes.

Study on the Relationship of Seedling Density and Line Spacing to Leaf-stem Ratio, DW/FW Ratio and Grass Yield of Forage Sweet Sorghum

[ Objectives ] The aim was to optimize the configuration of seedling density and line spacing of forage sweet sorghum （ Sorghum blcolor （ L. ） Moench） and explore its high-yield cultivation techniques. [ Methods] Effects of such two influencing factors as line spacing and seedling density on the leaf-stem ratio, DW/FW ratio and grass yield of forage sweet sorghum were analyzed by using split-plot experiment design experiment method and LSD method of IBM. SPSS. Statis- tics. v22 stati, stics software. [ Results ~ Seedling density and line spacing had no obvious effect on the leaf-stem ratio and DW/FW ratio of forage sweet sorghum but had obvious influences on the grass yield. Moreover, the optimal combination of seedling density and line spacing for high yield of forage sweet sorghum was A2 B4, that is, seedling density was 225 000 plants/hm2, and line spacing was 40 cm. [ Conclusions] The results provided a theoretical basis and technical support for high-yield cultivation techniques of forage sweet sorghum.

Application of Biogas in North China

Energy issues are an important part of the agricultural system, and they are closely related to rural production and peasant life. The state of rural energy development plays an important role in the development of rural ecology, economy and society in China, and is also an important indicator of the sustainable development capability of China s agriculture. This article analyzes the principle of the rural energy-ecology model in the north and its role in the sustainable development of agriculture, and puts forward some views on its existing problems.

Effects of 12% Chlorothalonil and 12% Procymidone Smoke Agents on Physiology and Yield of Quinoa in Greenhouse

[Objectives]To study the effects of 12%chlorothalonil and 12%procymidone smoke agent on physiology and yield of quinoa in greenhouse.[Methods]The chlorophyll content and photosynthesis rate of quinoa were determined by using the conventional application method of smoke agent at the dosage of 3 kg/ha.Finally,the total yield and increased yield of quinoa were calculated.[Results]The chlorophyll content and photosynthesis rate of leaves were all increased by two kinds of smoke agents,and the photosynthesis rate was also increased significantly.[Conclusions]These two smoke agents can promote the growth of quinoa,including the increase of chlorophyll and the enhancement of photosynthesis,and its further mechanism needs to be further discussed.

Research on the Sustainable Development of Agriculture

Based on the background of sustainable development of agriculture, its concepts and characteristics were analyzed, and the present situation of research on the sustainable development of agriculture at home and abroad was studied. Furthermore, some measures to promote the sustainable development of agriculture in China were proposed.

Study on the Influence of Sowing Rate,Water and Fertilizer Coupling on Water Use Efficiency of Fodder Millet

To study the influence of sowing rate,water and fertilizer( N,P and K) coupling on water use efficiency of fodder millet grown in autumn fallow field,taking " Jigu 18" as the tested material,a orthogonal rotation combination with five factors was designed in pot experiment. Results showed that both water and phosphate fertilizer had important impacts on water use efficiency,in which water had the maximum impact,followed by phosphate fertilizer,and nitrogen fertilizer,potassium fertilizer and sowing rate all had no obvious impact. Significant item of sowing rate,water and fertilizer coupling had the below sequence: potassium fertilizer + sowing rate > nitrogen fertilizer + phosphate fertilizer > water + phosphate fertilizer > water + sowing rate > water + potassium fertilizer,and other items had no obvious impact. Mathematical model was established: y = 44. 26- 1. 311x1- 2. 298x2- 3. 682x3- 6. 401x4- 34. 540x5+ 0. 273x1x3+ 0. 118x1x4+ 0. 843x1x5- 1. 948x2x3+ 6. 631x4x5. The optimal scheme taking economic benefit as the examining index was cleared,that is,soil water content maintained 10%,and sowing rate of fodder millet was 15 kg / hm2. By the scheme,water use efficiency was 26. 24 g / kg,and hay yield was13980. 90 kg / hm2,with economic benefit of 13830. 90 yuan/hm2,which was 3063. 73 yuan/hm2 more than the optimized combination with the highest hay yield,with increase magnitude of 22. 15%,and was 6215. 15 yuan / hm2 more than the optimized combination with the highest water use efficiency,with increase magnitude of 44. 94%. The research could provide theoretic basis and technical support for production practice of fodder millet grown in autumn fallow field.

Preparation of Technical Specifications on the Cultivation of Sweet Sorghums for Forage( Excerpt)

The aim of this study is to standardize the planting technology of sweet sorghums for forage,to prepare? technical specifications for planting sweet sorghums for forage. Based on years of experiment,it is prepared according to the requirements of GB/1. 1 Standardization Guide Rule Part I: Standard Structure and Compilation. The results show that it defines the application scope,basic requirements,preparation before sowing,planting requirements,field management,harvesting requirements of the technical specifications for planting sweet sorghums for forages,and determines the specific measures and technical indicators of the technical specifications. This paper provides technical support for the standardization,industrialization and marketization of planting sweet sorghums for forage.

Study on Quinoa Characteristics in Central and Southern Hebei

Quinoa is rich in nutrients and has high economic value,which attracts people's attention.Given that the quinoa has not yet been planted in the low-altitude Central and Southern Hebei plain,we used the quinoa seeds from five different habitats in China to conduct a planting test under different date of seeding in the low-altitude Central and Southern Hebei plain,and obtained the comprehensive data about the phenophase and agronomic traits of quinoa in this region.The test results showed that the grain quinoa should not be planted in Central and Southern Hebei plain,the limiting factors were identified,and a new way for local development of vegetable quinoa was found.

Effects of Planting Density of Quinoa on Agronomic Characters and Yield in Chengde

[Objectives]To study the optimum sowing density of quinoa in Chengde region.[Methods]Yanli No.2 cultivated by Institute of Millet Crops,Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences was taken as test material.In Chengde region,single-factor density test design was used to study the effects of sowing on agronomic characters and yield of quinoa.[Results]Quinoa had the highest comprehensive yield when row spacing was 30 cm and plant spacing was 25 cm.[Conclusions]The research could provide theoretical basis for quinoa planting in Chengde region.

Effects of Planting Density and Row Spacing on Plant Productivity of Autumn Forage Sweet Sorghum in Hebei Province

[ Objective] This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between each of planting density and row spacing and plant productivity of forage sweet sorghum planted in autumn idle land. [ Methods] Using split-plot experiment design experiment method and LSD method of IBM. SPSS. Statistics. v22 statistics software, the effects of planting density and row spacing on plant productivity of forage sweet sorghum planted in autumn idle land were compared. [ Result] The results showed that the planting density and row spacing had important influences on plant productivity of forage sweet sorghum planted in autumn idle land. Moreover, the optimal combination of plant productivity for A1B4 , i. e. ,under the combination of the planting density of 7.5 × 10^4 plants/hm^2 and the row spacing of 40 cm, the fresh weight and dry weight per plant were 654.37 and 147.11 g/plant, respectively. [ Conclusion ] The results provided a theoretical basis for the production of forage sweet sorghum in autumn idle land.

Study on Application of Evaluation System to Quinoa

The study of crop varieties has developed from qualitative research to quantitative research at a deeper level.Analysis and evaluation is a commonly used quantitative research method,and the evaluation index system and its weight are the basis of the evaluation system,which plays an important role in the scientificity of the evaluation results.In this paper,quinoa is taken as the research object.The evaluation index system of quinoa planting is constructed according to its planting characteristics,and the weight of each evaluation index is determined,which could lay a foundation for the evaluation of quinoa planting.

Application Potential of Quinoa as Forage

Quinoa is a crop as both food and forage.It has a tolerance to cold,drought,and salt.It is rich in vitamins,polyphenols,flavonoids,phytosterols and other substances,and has rich nutritional value and health care,which provides great potential for being as forage.In this paper,the application potential and prospects of quinoa as forage are studied.

Planting Experiment of Five Quinoa Varieties in Bashang Area of Hebei Province

It is very suitable for planting quinoa in Bashang area of Hebei Province,but the local varieties of quinoa are disordered,which affects the development of quinoa industry.In this experiment,five quinoa varieties were selected and planted in Guyuan County.After two years of experiment,scientific conclusions were drawn on the yield,agronomic characters,economic characters,stress resistance and regional adaptability of these five varieties,and objective evaluation of variety characteristics and production and utilization value was conducted,which can provide scientific basis for variety identification,variety distribution and application of quinoa,and provide feedback information for promoting the development of quinoa industry.