Research on Multi-System Ultra-High Speed Optical Signal Access System

In view of the small transmission capacity and single signal modulation format of the existing optical transmission system, this paper proposes an ultra-high-speed optical signal access scheme based on NEL0670, which can realize the transmission of 100 G DP-QPSK, 200 G DP-16QAM and 400 G DP-16QAM signals, and realize flexible and intelligent reception of multi-system optical signals.

High-Speed EMU TCMS Design and LCC Technology Research

本文介绍了高速动车组的生命周期——设计、制造、测试、运营和维护阶段,以及各种平台,包括列车控制与监视系统(TCMS)开发平台、测试和验证平台、动车组(EMU)驾驶仿真平台及远程数据传输和维护平台。所有平台构成了EMU全寿命周期系统并绑定在一起。每个平台都有利于EMU全寿命周期管理且成为EMU全寿命周期管理的重要组成部分。

Molecular cloning and expression analysis of the Rf-m candidate genes encoding pentatricopeptide repeat proteins in soybean

Cytoplasmic male sterility(CMS)-restorer system is a useful tool to exploit heterosis in soybean.The major restorer gene for the M-type CMS is known as Rf-m,located in the 162.4-kb region on chromosome 16.Sequence analysis has revealed that the Rf-m locus in Glycine max consists of seven penta tricopeptide repeat(GmPPR)genes.The deduced amino acid sequences contain 8 to 14 PPR motifs,and a phylogenetic analysis grouped these GmPPR proteins into two PPR subfamilies:Glyma.16G161800 belongs to the PLS subfamily,and the P subfamily consists.of Glyma.16G161900,Glyma 16G162000,Glyma.16G162100,Glyma.16G162700,Glyma.16G162800,and Gly-ma 16G163100.The phylogenetic analysis of seven GmPPR proteins and 27 other plant PPR proteins also showed that proteins in the same subfamilies cluster together.Comparative sequence analysis was conducted using the seven Rf-m candidate GmPPR genes from the sterile line W931A,the maintainer line W931B,and the restorer line WR016,the result showed that Glyma 16G161900 had higher polymorphism than the other candidate genes.Based on real-time quantitative RT-PCR data,all seven GmPPR genes were differentially expressed but showed constitutive expression in roots,stems,leaves,and pollen grains.Additionally,the expression level of Gly-ma 16G161900 in the sterile line W931 A was significantly higher in all tissues than in the restorer line WR016.Taken together,these results suggest that Glyma 16G161900 is the most likely candidate for the restorer gene Rf-m.This study is the first report and analysis of candidate fertility restorer(Rf)genes encoding PPR proteins in soybean.

Simulation Study of DP-QPSK Coherent Detection Transmission System Based on Optisystem

Dual polarization quadrature phase shift keying (DP-QPSK) is currently the main modulation format for high-speed optical fiber communications, and its simulation modeling has important implications for theoretical research and practical applications. Based on Optisystem 15 optical communication system simulation software, this paper builds a 100 Gbit/s rate DP-QPSK modulation format coherent optical transmission system simulation model, analyzes the working principles of the transmitting end, transmission link, and coherent receiver. The principle of signal recovery at the digital signal processing end is briefly explained. The simulation results show that the signal quality after DSP processing has been significantly improved.

Shallow water source localization using a mobile short horizontal array

This paper presents an approach to the challenging is- sue of passive source localization in shallow water using a mobile short horizontal linear array with length less than ten meters. The short array can be conveniently placed on autonomous underwa- ter vehicles and deployed for adaptive spatial sampling. However, the use of such small aperture passive sonar systems makes it difficult to acquire sufficient spatial gain for localizing long-range sources. To meet the requirement, a localization approach that employs matched-field based techniques that enable the short ho- rizontal linear array is used to passively localize acoustic sources in shallow water. Furthermore, the broadband processing and inter-position processing provide robustness against ocean en- vironmental mismatch and enhance the stability of the estimation process. The proposed approach＇s ability to localize acoustic sources in shallow water at different signal-to-noise ratios is examined through the synthetic test cases where the sources are located at the endfire and some other bearing of the mobile short horizontal linear array. The presented results demonstrate that the positional parameters of the estimated source build up over time as the array moves at a low speed along a straight line at a constant depth.

Comparison of the Index System of Ecological Balanced Fertilization for Three Crops

This paper conducted comparative study of the index system of ecological balanced fertilization for rice,wheat and maize by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of rice,wheat and maize by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The main conclusions of this paper were as follow:①since the three crops all belonged to Gramineae,they were consistent in variation trends of fertilizer utilization ratio,nutrient conversion rate,relative abundance-deficiency value of soil nutrient,optimum fertilization amount in most cases.②Due to the influence of the economic production,biological production,different water conditions in paddy field and dry farmland,length of growing season,cropping system(one year before and after the rotation)and so on,sometimes the laws of four aspects above mentioned for the three crops had opposite and gradient variations.

Research and Application of Prediction Model for Ecological Balanced Optimal Fertilization Amount for Three Crops

This paper analyzed the modeling principle,process and application process of the new ecological balanced fertilization model by data mining method based on the relationships among soil abundance-deficiency index,optimum fertilization amount and nutrient conversion rate of N,P,K for rice,wheat and maize in column papers.The results and conclusions were as follows:①on the basis of two ecological balanced fertilization models(available and total nutrients),a prediction model system of optimum fertilization amount based on nutrient conversion rate was established,including 3 models.The first model predicted the optimum fertilization amount based on nutrient conversion rate,and the second model determined prediction difference value of optimum fertilization amount in the first amendment based on optimum yield,and the third model determined prediction difference value of optimum fertilization amount in the second amendment based on nutrient conversion rate.②Nutrient conversion rate and optimum yield were the common parameters of two models based on contents of available and total nutrients,and they were the core parameters of ecological balanced fertilization model.In the specific application,the nutrient conversion rate and optimum yield were determined mainly based on the comprehensive comparison between the regional or similar plot or one plot and the experimental plot.③The two error amendments were due to the use of the fixed nutrient removal of 100 kg seeds,and underestimated the nutrient conversion rate when higher optimum production and overestimated the nutrient conversion rate when lower optimum production.④It was proposed that the nutrient conversion rate was regarded as a comprehensive nutrient index(abundance-deficiency)of ecological balanced fertilization.It was not only a parameter to measure fertilizer efficiency,but also a parameter to measure the abundance-deficiency of nutrients,and a parameter to guide fertilization.

Study on the Relationship between Utilization Ratios and Conversion Rates of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium for Rice

This paper studied the relationships between utilization ratios and conversion rates of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium for rice by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of rice by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The results and conclusions were as follows:①the conceptual model of fertilizer utilization ratio of rice for plot was that,Y N≈a+b×optimum yield+c×optimum fertilizer amount of K,Y P≈a+b×optimum yield,Y K≈a respectively.②Fertilizer utilization ratio and nutrient conversion rate had 4 kinds of relationships:①no significant relationships:25,of which 14 were soil nutrients and 9 were environmental factors,the results showed that soil nutrients and environmental factors had little effect on nutrient yield ratio and fertilizer utilization ratio;②consistent significant relationships:2,one was that yield ratio and utilization ratio of N were positively correlated with the optimum production,explaining the importance of N for production,the other was that yield ratio and utilization ratio of P had a significantly positive correlation with conversion rate and utilization ratio of N,illustrating that nitrogen and phosphorus had mutual promotion;③contrary significant relationships:5,these showed as negative correlations of fertilizer utilization ratio and positive correlation of nutrient conversion ratio;④complementary significant relationships:22,the cause of the complementary phenomenon was that the fertilizer utilization ratio was the index of fertilizer efficiency in one season,while the nutrient conversion rate was the index of fertilizer efficiency in more seasons,which showed that the fertilizer utilization rate was significantly correlated,or the nutrient conversion rate was significantly correlated.

Research on the Index System of Ecological Balanced Fertilization for Three Crops

This paper studied the index system of ecological balanced fertilization for three crops by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of rice,wheat and maize by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.A systematic analysis of the materials and methods,the main research contents,the main research results and the main research conclusions of the column was made,in order to enable readers to understand and grasp the overall contents of the following 15 papers.

Study on the Relationships between Utilization Ratios and Conversion Rates of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium for Maize

This paper studied the relationships between utilization ratios and conversion rates of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium for maize by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of maize by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The results and conclusions were as follows:①the conceptual model of fertilizer utilization ratio of maize for plot was that,Y N≈a+b×optimum yield,Y P≈a+b×optimum yield-c×optimum nitrogen application amount-d×optimum potassium application amount,Y K≈a-b×optimum nitrogen application amount-c×temperature in growth season-d×rainfall in growth season,respectively.②Fertilizer utilization ratio and nutrient conversion rate had 4 kinds of relationships.No significant relationships:22,of which 16 were soil nutrients and 5 were environmental factors,the results showed that soil nutrients and environmental factors had little effect on nutrient conversion rate and fertilizer utilization ratio;consistent significant relationships:14,illustrating that conversion rate and utilization ratio of maize were consistent in most cases,and it was because that maize was planted for a long term,and its fertilizer absorption law was basically stable;contrary significant relationships:0,illustrating that there was no reverse relationship between conversion rate and utilization ratio of maize;complementary significant relationships:18,the cause of the complementary phenomenon was that the fertilizer utilization ratio was the measuring index of fertilizer efficiency in one season,while the nutrient conversion rate was the measuring index of fertilizer efficiency in more seasons.It showed that the fertilizer utilization ratio was significantly correlated,or the nutrient conversion rate was significantly correlated.

Study on the Relationships between Utilization Ratios and Conversion Rates of Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium for Wheat

This paper studied the relationships between utilization ratios and conversion rates of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium for wheat by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of wheat by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The results and conclusions were as follows:①the conceptual model of fertilizer utilization ratio of wheat for plot was that,Y N≈a+b×optimum nitrogen application amount+c×optimum fertilizer amount of K+d×rainfall in growth season,Y P≈a+b×optimum fertilizer amount of K+c×rainfall in growth season,Y K≈a+b×temperature in growth season+c×rainfall in growth season-d×optimum yield-e×optimum nitrogen application amount,respectively.②Fertilizer utilization ratio and nutrient conversion rate had 4 kinds of relationships.No significant relationships:13,of which 8 were soil nutrients,the results showed that soil nutrients had little effect on nutrient conversion rate and fertilizer utilization ratio;consistent significant relationships:4,they were all nitrogen and phosphorus,explaining the importance of nitrogen and phosphorus;contrary significant relationships:6,they were all nitrogen and phosphorus,illustrating that phosphorus and nitrogen had inhibitory effect;complementary significant relationships:31,the cause of the complementary phenomenon was that the fertilizer utilization ratio was the measuring index of fertilizer efficiency in one season,while the nutrient conversion rate was the measuring index of fertilizer efficiency in more seasons.It showed that the fertilizer utilization rate was significantly correlated,or the nutrient conversion rate was significantly correlated.

Specific Index System of Ecological Balanced Fertilization for Rice

This paper studied the nitrogen index system of ecological balanced fertilization for rice by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of rice by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The results and conclusions were as follows.①Soil nutrient content could not be used as fertilization indicator of rice.②The conceptual model of nitrogen conversion rate of rice for plot was Y N≈a+b×optimum production-c×optimum nitrogen fertilization amount-d×optimum phosphorus fertilization amount,and the conceptual model of phosphorus conversion rate was Y P≈a-b×optimum phosphorus fertilization amount-c×optimum potassium fertilization amount,and the conceptual model of potassium conversion rate was Y K≈a+b×optimum production+c×optimum nitrogen fertilization amount-d×optimum potassium fertilization amount-e×annual average precipitation.③The conceptual model of the optimum nitrogen fertilization amount of rice for plot was Y N≈a+b×optimum production+c×optimum phosphorus fertilization amount-d×annual average precipitation,and the conceptual model of the optimum phosphorus fertilization amount was Y P≈a+b×optimum nitrogen fertilization amount+c×optimum potassium fertilization amount,and the conceptual model of the optimum potassium fertilization amount was Y K≈a+b×optimum phosphorus fertilization amount+c×annual average precipitation.④The conceptual model of relative abundance-deficiency value of soil nitrogen of rice for plot was Y N≈a-b×optimum nitrogen fertilization amount-c×optimum potassium fertilization amount,and the conceptual model of relative abundance-deficiency value of soil phosphorus was Y P≈a+b×soil available potassium-c×optimum potassium fertilization amount,and the conceptual model of relative abundance-deficiency value of soil potassium of rice was Y K≈a-b×optimum potassium fertilization amount.

Studies on the Provincial-level Index System of Ecological Balanced Fertilization for Rice in China

In this paper,the index system of ecological balanced fertilization for rice was discussed by data mining method based on this column.Three aspects of provincial average,typical province and all samples were studied,and the results and conclusions were as follows:①climate condition was one of the main factors of soil formation,which was also an important basis for the division of rice growing areas.The proportion of available nutrients was different in different rice growing areas.This was the result of long-term climate and man-made action,which constituted the basic fertility pattern of soil available nutrients for rice in China.②One of the basic fertility indexes of rice soil in China was the proportion of available nutrients,which was the theoretical basis for adjusting the proportion of N,P and K fertilizers.③Although the total amount and proportion of available nutrients in different rice growing areas were different,they can be adjusted to the optimum absorption ratio of rice by fertilizing measures,so as to achieve the goal of ecological balanced fertilization such as high production and good quality.④The basic soil nutrient index of more than 8000 kg/hm 2 of rice production was more than 5 of available K/available P.

Theoretical Analysis on Index System of Ecological Balanced Fertilization for Three Crops

This paper analyzed theoretical basis of ecological balanced fertilization by data mining method based on the relationships among relative abundance-deficiency values of soil nutrients,optimum fertilization amounts and nutrient conversion rates of N,P and K for rice,wheat and maize in column papers.The results and conclusions were as follows:①the scientific basis of guiding fertilization by the relative abundance-deficiency value of soil nutrient was insufficient.②The scientific basis for predicting fertilizer amount according to nutrient conversion rate was sufficient.③There was consistency among the relative abundance-deficiency values of soil nutrients,indicating that the soil nutrient balance was important to the production.④There was some consistency among the optimum fertilizer amounts,indicating that N,P and K fertilizer should be balanced.⑤There was some consistency among nutrient conversion rates,indicating that nutrient uptake was consistent,which required the consistency among relative abundance-deficiency values of soil nutrients.When there was inconsistency,it needed to be supplemented by means of fertilization.⑥The relative abundance-deficiency value of soil nutrient and optimum fertilizer amounts of other nutrients were negatively correlated mostly,indicating that if the relative abundance-deficiency value of soil nutrient was high,the others also should be high,resulting in optimum fertilizer amounts of other nutrients decreased.⑦The nutrient conversion rate was negatively correlated mostly with the optimal fertilizer amounts of other nutrients,indicating that more fertilizer amount of one nutrient lowered its own conversion rate,mean while also reduced the conversion rates of other nutrients.It embodied the unity and balance of nutrient absorption by the crops.

Studies on the Provincial-level Index System of Ecological Balanced Fertilization for Wheat in China

In this paper,the index system of ecological balanced fertilization for wheat was discussed by data mining method based on this column.Three aspects of provincial average,typical province and all samples were studied,the results and conclusions were as follows:①climate condition was one of the main factors of soil formation,which was also an important basis for the division of wheat producing areas.The proportion of available nutrients was different in different wheat producing areas.This was the result of long-term climate and man-made action,and it constituted the basic fertility pattern of soil available nutrient for wheat in China.②One of the basic fertility indexes of soil for wheat in China was the proportion of available nutrients,which was the theoretical basis for adjusting the proportion of N,P and K fertilizers.③Although the total amount and proportion of available nutrients in different wheat producing areas were different,they can be adjusted to the optimum absorption ratio of wheat by fertilizing measures,so as to achieve the goal of ecological balanced fertilization such as high production and good quality.④The basic soil nutrient indexes of more than 5000 kg/hm 2 of wheat production were less than 6 of hydrolysable N/available P and less than 7 of available K/available P,and the fertilization index was that optimum K fertilization amount was 0.6-1.2 times of optimum P fertilization amount.

Summary on the Index System of Ecological Balanced Fertilization for Wheat

This paper studied the index system of ecological balanced fertilization for wheat by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of wheat by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The results and conclusions were as follows:①the optimum N,P and K fertilization amounts of wheat were within the normal range,and the application of this standard could not cause obvious non-point source pollution.②The conversion rates of N,P and K of wheat were 58.78%,58.63%and 199.88%higher than the utilization ratios of N,P and K under the optimum fertilization amount,respectively.③At present,the soil N for wheat was in a low equilibrium stage,and soil P and K were in the middle and high levels,in which P was in the accumulation stage,and K was in the depletion stage.④The relationship between fertilizer effect or fertility and optimum production had consistency.The fertilizer effect was negatively correlated with the optimum fertilization amounts of its own nutrient and other nutrients.N,P and K fertilizers had mutual promoting effects when they were balanced.Soil nutrient played an inhibitory role in the fertilizer efficiency of its own nutrient.⑤The phosphorus and potassium utilization ratios were significantly positively correlated with the optimum phosphorus fertilization amount and the optimal potassium fertilization amount,which was the scientific basis for phosphorus and potassium concentrated fertilization of wheat.

Specific Index System of Ecological Balanced Fertilization for Wheat

This paper studied the index system of ecological balanced fertilization for wheat by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of wheat by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The results and conclusions were as follows.①Soil nutrient content could not be used as indicator of fertilizer application of wheat.②The conceptual model of N utilization ratio of wheat for plot was Y N≈a+b×optimum production-c×optimum fertilizer amount of N-d×temperature in growing season-e×rainfall in growing season,and the conceptual model of P conversion rate was Y P≈a+b×optimum production+c×temperature in growing season+d×precipitation in growing season-e×optimum fertilizer amount of P-f×optimum fertilizer amount of K,and the conceptual model of K conversion rate of wheat plots was that,Y K≈a-b×optimum fertilizer amount of K.③The conceptual model of the optimum fertilizer amount of N of wheat for plot was Y N≈a+b×optimum production+c×optimum fertilizer amount of P-d×temperature in growing season-e×rainfall in growing season,and the conceptual model of the optimum fertilizer amount of P was Y P≈a+b×optimum production+c×optimum fertilizer amount of N+d×optimum fertilizer amount of K,and the conceptual model of the optimum fertilizer amount of K was Y K≈a+b×optimum fertilizer amount of P.④The conceptual model of relative abundance-deficiency value of soil N of wheat for plot was that Y N≈a-b×temperature in growing season-c×precipitation in growing season,and the conceptual model of relative abundance-deficiency value of soil P was Y P≈a+b×optimum yield+c×optimum fertilizer amount of N+d×precipitation in growing season-e×optimum fertilizer amount of K,and the conceptual model of relative abundance-deficiency value of soil K was Y K≈a+b×optimum yield+c×optimum fertilizer amount of K.

Studies on the Provincial-level Index System of Ecological Balanced Fertilization for Maize in China

In this paper,the index system of ecological balanced fertilization of maize was discussed by data mining method based on this column.Three aspects of provincial average,typical province and all samples were studied,and the results and conclusions were as follows:①climate condition was one of the main factors of soil formation,which was also an important basis for the division of maize producing areas.The proportion of available nutrients was different in different maize producing areas.This was the result of long-term climate and man-made action,which constituted the basic fertility pattern of soil available nutrient for maize in China.②One of the basic fertility indexes of maize soil in China was the proportion of available nutrients,which was the theoretical basis for adjusting the proportion of N,P and K fertilizers.③Although the total amount and proportion of available nutrients in different maize producing areas were different,they can be adjusted to the optimum absorption ratio of maize by fertilizing measures,so as to achieve the goal of ecological balanced fertilization such as high production and good quality.④The basic soil nutrient index of more than 9000 kg/hm 2 of maize production was less than 8 of hydrolysable N/available P,and the fertilization index was that optimum N fertilization amount was more than 0.8 times of optimum P fertilization amount.

Specific Index System of Ecological Balanced Fertilization for Maize

This paper studied the index system of ecological balanced fertilization for maize by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of maize by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The results and conclusions were as follows.①Soil nutrient content could not be used as indicator of fertilizer application of maize.②The conceptual model of N conversion rate of maize for plot was Y N≈a+b×optimum production-c×optimum fertilizer amount of N-d×optimum phosphorus application amount-e×optimum potassium application amount-f×temperature in growth season-g×rainfall in growth season.The conceptual model of P conversion rate of maize for plot was Y P≈a+b×optimum phosphorus application amount-c×optimum nitrogen application amount-d×optimum potassium application amount.The conceptual model of K conversion rate of maize for plot was Y K≈a+b×optimum yield-c×optimum nitrogen application amount-d×optimum phosphorus application amount-e×optimum potassium application amount-f×temperature in growth season-g×rainfall in growth season.③The conceptual model of the optimum fertilizer amount of N of maize for plot was Y N≈a+b×optimum phosphorus application amount+c×optimum potassium application amount+d×temperature in growing season+e×rainfall in growing season,and the conceptual model of the optimum fertilizer amount of P was Y P≈a+b×optimum nitrogen application amount,and the conceptual model of the optimum fertilizer amount of K was Y K≈a+b×optimum nitrogen application amount+c×temperature in growth season+d×rainfall in growth season-e×optimum yield.④The conceptual model of relative abundance-deficiency value of soil N of maize for plot was that Y N≈a,and the conceptual model of relative abundance-deficiency value of soil P was Y P≈a,and the conceptual model of relative abundance-deficiency value of soil K was Y K≈a+b×optimum nitrogen application amount+c×optimum phosphorus application amount.

Summary on the Index System of Ecological Balanced Fertilization for Rice

This paper studied the index system of ecological balanced fertilization for rice by data mining method based on data of"3414 fertilizer field trials"of rice by published papers from national soil testing and recommendation since 2005.The results and conclusions were as follows:①the optimum N,P and K fertilization amounts of rice were within the normal range,and the application of this standard could not cause obvious non-point source pollution.②N,P and K conversion ratios were 76.4%,166.58%and 261.89%higher than N,P and K utilization ratios under the optimum fertilizer amount of rice,respectively.③At present,the soil N for rice was in a low equilibrium stage,and soil P and K were in the middle and high level,in which P was in the accumulation stage,while K was in the depletion stage.④The relationship between fertilizer effect or fertility and optimum production had consistency.The fertilizer effect was negatively correlated with the optimum fertilization amount of its own nutrient.N,P and K fertilizers had mutual promoting effect when they were balanced.Soil nutrient played an inhibitory role in the fertilizer efficiency of its own nutrient.Soil nutrient sometimes played a role in promoting the efficiency of other nutrients,and sometimes inhibited them.It was a positive correlation between soil nutrients with the same attribute.