Progress in systematics and biogeography of Orchidaceae

Orchidaceae are one of the largest families of angiosperms in terms of species richness.In the last decade,numerous studies have delved into reconstructing the phylogenetic framework of Orchidaceae,leveraging data from plastid,mitochondrial and nuclear sources.These studies have provided new insights into the systematics,diversification and biogeography of Orchidaceae,establishing a robust foundation for future research.Nevertheless,pronounced controversies persist regarding the precise placement of certain lineages within these phylogenetic frameworks.To address these discrepancies and deepen our understanding of the phylogenetic structure of Orchidaceae,we provide a comprehensive overview and analysis of phylogenetic studies focusing on contentious groups within Orchidaceae since 2015,delving into discussions on the underlying reasons for observed topological conflicts.We also provide a novel phylogenetic framework at the subtribal level.Furthermore,we examine the tempo and mode underlying orchid species diversity from the perspective of historical biogeography,highlighting factors contributing to extensive speciation.Ultimately,we delineate avenues for future research aimed at enhancing our understanding of Orchidaceae phylogeny and diversity.

Synthesis of High-Stability Acidic β/Al-MCM-41 and the Catalytic Performance for the Esterification of Oleic Acid

β/Al-MCM-41 molecular sieve was synthesized and used to catalyze the esterification of oleic acid with short chain alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and isobutanol to obtain biodiesel. The results indicated that β/Al-MCM-41 exhibited the excellent catalytic activity and stability, which was obviously superior to traditional Al-MCM-41. The relationship between acidity and catalytic activity was in detail examined by NH3-TPD and Py-FTIR. Moreover, the kinetics of esterification of oleic acid with methanol showed that the average reaction order n was 1.97 and that activation energy was 50.01 kJ/mol.

Current status of diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer in China-Analyses of Chinese Bladder Cancer Consortium database

Objective:To investigate current status of diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer in China.Methods:A database was generated by Chinese Bladder Cancer Consortium(CBCC).From January 2007 to December 2012,14,260 cases from 44 CBCC centers were included.Data of diagnosis,treatment and pathology were collected.Results:The average age was 63.5 year-old and most patients were male(84.3%).The most common histologic types were urothelial carcinoma(91.4%),adenocarcinoma(1.8%),and squamous carcinoma(1.9%).According to 1973 and 2004 WHO grading system,42.0%,41.0%,and 17.0% of patients were grade 1,2,and 3,and 16.0%,48.7%,and 35.3% of patients were papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential,low,and high grade,respectively.Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer(NMIBC)and muscle invasive bladder cancer(MIBC)were 25.2% and 74.1%,respectively(0.8% not clear).Carcinoma in situ was only 2.4%.Most patients were diagnosed by white-light cystoscopy with biopsy(74.3%).Fluorescence and narrow band imaging cystoscopy had additional detection rate of 1.0% and 4.0%,respectively.Diagnostic transurethral resection(TUR)provided detection rate of 16.9%.Most NMIBCs were treated with TUR(89.2%).After initial TUR,2.6%accepted second TUR,and 45.7%,69.9%,and 58.7% accepted immediate,induced,and maintenance chemotherapy instillation,respectively.Most MIBCs were treated with radical cystectomy(RC,59.7%).Laparoscopic RCs were 35.1%,while open RC 63.4%.Extended and standard pelvic lymph node dissection were 7% and 66%,respectively.Three most common urinary diversions were orthotopic neobladder(44%),ileal conduit(31%),and ureterocutaneostomy(23%).Only 2.3% of patients accepted neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and only 18%of T3 and T4 patients accepted adjuvant chemotherapy.Conclusion:Disease characteristics are similar to international reports,while differences of diagnosis and treatment exist.This study can provide evidences for revisions of the guideline on bladder cancer in China.

Big-Data Analytics:Challenges,Key Technologies and Prospects

With the rapid development of the internet, internet of things, mobile internet, and cloud computing, the amount of data in circulation has grown rapidly. More social information has contributed to the growth of big data, and data has become a core asset. Big data is challenging in terms of effective storage, efficient computation and analysis, and deep data mining. In this paper, we discuss the signif- icance of big data and discuss key technologies and problems in big-data analyties. We also discuss the future prospects of big-data analylics.

Application of fluorescence in situ hybridization in the detection of bladder transitional-cell carcinoma: A multi-center clinical study based on Chinese population

Objective:To evaluate the diagnostic value of fluorescence in situ hybridization(FISH)in bladder cancer.Methods:We enrolled healthy volunteers and patients who were clinically suspected to have bladder cancer and conducted FISH tests and cytology examinations from August 2007 to December 2008.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve analysis was performed and the area under curve(AUC)values were calculated for both the FISH and urine cytology tests.Results:A cohort of 988 healthy volunteers was enrolled to establish a reference range for the normal population.A total of 4807 patients with hematuria were prospectively,randomly enrolled for the simultaneous analysis of urine cytology,FISH testing,and a final diagnosis as determined by the pathologic findings of a biopsy or a surgically-excised specimen.Overall,the sensitivity of FISH in detecting transitional-cell carcinoma was 82.7%,while that of cytology was 33.4%(p<0.001).The sensitivity values of FISH for non-muscle invasive and muscle invasive bladder transitional-cell carcinoma were 81.7%and 89.6%,respectively(p=0.004).The sensitivity values of FISH for low and high grade bladder cancer were 82.6%and 90.1%,respectively(p=0.002).Conclusion:FISH is significantly more sensitive than voided urine cytology for detecting bladder cancer in patients evaluated for gross hematuria at all cancer grades and stages.Higher sensitivity using FISH was obtained in high grade and muscle invasive tumors.

Efficacy of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) versus Pneumatic Ureteroscopic Lithotripsy (URSL) for Lower Ureteral Stones Therapy in Asia: A Meta-Analysis

Objective: To assess the efficacy and safety of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy or pneumatic ureteroscopic lithotripsy for lower ureteral stones therapy, we sought to identify and summarize randomized controlled trials that were used to treat distal ureteral stone. Methods: Eligible studies were identified from electronic databases. Database search, quality assessment, and data extraction were performed by two reviewers independently. Our primary outcome was the stone-free rate. Secondary outcomes were the fragmentation rate, complications and the rate of re-treatment and secondary procedures. The results were assessed by Review Manager 5.0. Publication bias was evaluated by Stata 11.0. Results: 13 trials were included. Meta-analysis of pooled data showed that pneumatic ureteroscopic lithotripsy demonstrated a significant advantage over extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (OR = 0.14, 95% CI [0.09, 0.23], P < 0.00001) in the stone-free rate;the extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy had statistical disadvantages over pneumatic ureteroscopic lithotripsy in the fragmentation rate of ureteral stones (OR = 0.14, 95% CI [0.05, 0.39], P = 0.0002);and the rate of re-treatment and secondary procedure was lower in pneumatic ureteroscopic lithotripsy than in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (OR = 5.37, 95% CI [2.61, 11.07], P < 0.00001). Our pooled results showed that there was no statistical difference between extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and pneumatic ureteroscopic lithotripsy in hematuresis, ureteral stricture and urosepsis or fever. Finally extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy had a higher incidence of colic pain than pneumatic ureteroscopic lithotripsy. Conclusion: The present meta-analysis suggested that pneumatic ureteroscopic lithotripsy had large advantages over extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in the treatment of lower ureteral stones.

Effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane postconditioning and changes in JNK1/2 pathway activity on rat brain slices subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation in vitro

Recent research shows that the JNK1/2 signaling pathway plays a neuroprotective role against ischemia-reperfusion injury by cross-talk with other pathways.The present study investigated the effects of isoflurane and sevoflurane postconditioning on JNK1/2 pathway activity and neuronal cell viability after oxygen and glucose deprivation injury in hippocampal slices in vitro.Techniques used included population spike analysis,propidium iodide fluorescent staining,western blot assay,and the use of JNK1/2-specific pharmacological tools such as anisomycin （agonist） and SP600125 （inhibitor）.We found that both isoflurane and sevoflurane inhibited JNK pathway activity and had neuroprotective effects against oxygen and glucose deprivation injury in slices of rat hippocampus in vitro.Postconditioning with volatile anesthetics exerted neuroprotective effects on nerve cells and preserved the function of the CA1 region by inhibiting JNK1/2 phosphorylation.This suppression of JNK1/2 activity could underlie the observed synergistic neuroprotective effect produced by volatile anesthetic postconditioning.

Large-area perovskite films for PV applications:A perspective from nucleation and crystallization

Perovskite solar cells(PSCs)have attracted significant research interest due to the rapid rise in efficiency.However,a large efficiency gap still exists between laboratory-based small devices and industrialoriented large-scale modules.One of the main reasons for the efficiency losses is the degraded quality and morphology of the deposited large-area films,which is closely associated with crystallization processes.In this review,we discuss the nucleation and crystallization processes in solution and vaporbased up-scaling deposition methods for large-area perovskite films.We review recent scientific achievements and technical developments that have been made in the field of large-area cells.We present the existing problems that limit the performance of large devices and extensively discuss the key influencing parameters from the perspective of nucleation and crystallization over large areas.This review highlights the importance of crystallization control in up-scaling fabrications and presents promising strategies towards large-area perovskite-based optoelectronic devices.

The Diagnosis and Treatments of Inguinal Hernia after Radical Prostatectomy

Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most common causes of cancer-related death in the world among old men. Radical prostatectomy (RP) is the most common surgical procedure in treatments. However, the complications after RRP always confuse surgeons. Urinary incontinence, impotence, erectile dysfunction frequently have effects on the quality of life after RP on patients occurred PC. Inguinal hernias (IHs) after RP is the most common complication, especially indirect hernias. Thus, patients occurred post-IH are frequently performed secondary surgery. In recent years, urologists have explored different surgical techniques, managements, and preoperationly detections to prevent the development of IH postoperationly. However, the precise mechanism of this procedure occurred is unclear till now. Some retrospective studies have been performed to explore the occurence of IH post-RRP and prophylactic techniques to prevent or decrease IH occurred after RRP. Disappointingly, there is no one efficient and precise method influenced this procedure occurred. We reviewed recent studies about IH after RP through different approaches to evaluate the development of this procedure.

Preliminary Study on Interpreting Stock Price Forecasting Based on Tree Regularization of GRU

The gated recurrent unit (GRU) deep model is interpreted to predict price’s falling or rising. By using a technique called Tree Regularization of Deep Models for Interpretability, a GRU network is converted to a decision tree (called GRU-Tree) to interpret its prediction rules. This approach was tested by experimenting on a few sample stocks (e.g., the Gree company) and a main stock market index (SSE Composite Index) in China. The discovered prediction rules actually reflect a general rule called Mean Reversion in stock market. Results show that the GRU-Tree is more effective (higher AUC) than the decision tree directly trained from the data for small and moderate average path length (APL) of trees. And the fidelity between GRU and its generated GRU-Tree is high (about 0.8).

Nitrogen deposition mediates more stochastic processes in structuring plant community than soil microbial community in the Eurasian steppe

Anthropogenic environmental changes may affect community assembly through mediating both deterministic(e.g.,competitive exclusion and environmental filtering)and stochastic processes(e.g.,birth/death and dispersal/colonization).It is traditionally thought that environmental changes have a larger mediation effect on stochastic processes in structuring soil microbial community than aboveground plant community;however,this hypothesis remains largely untested.Here we report an unexpected pattern that nitrogen(N)deposition has a larger mediation effect on stochastic processes in structuring plant community than soil microbial community(those<2 mm in diameter,including archaea,bacteria,fungi,and protists)in the Eurasian steppe.We performed a ten-year nitrogen deposition experiment in a semiarid grassland ecosystem in Inner Mongolia,manipulating nine rates(0–50 g N m^(-2)per year)at two frequencies(nitrogen added twice or 12 times per year)under two grassland management strategies(fencing or mowing).We separated the compositional variation of plant and soil microbial communities caused by each treatment into the deterministic and stochastic components with a recently-developed method.As nitrogen addition rate increased,the relative importance of stochastic component of plant community first increased and then decreased,while that of soil microbial community first decreased and then increased.On the whole,the relative importance of stochastic component was significantly larger in plant community(0.552±0.035;mean±standard error)than in microbial community(0.427±0.035).Consistently,the proportion of compositional variation explained by the deterministic soil and community indices was smaller for plant community(0.172–0.186)than microbial community(0.240–0.767).Meanwhile,as nitrogen addition rate increased,the linkage between plant and microbial community composition first became weaker and then became stronger.The larger stochasticity in plant community relative to microbial community assembly suggested that more stochastic strategies(e.g.,seeds addition)should be adopted to maintain above-than below-ground biodiversity under the pressure of nitrogen deposition.

表位结构指导免疫优势转移的HPV交叉疫苗的理性设计

In vaccine development,broadly or cross-type neutralizing antibodies(bnAbs or cnAbs)are frequently targeted to enhance protection.Utilizing immunodominant antibodies could help fine-tune vaccine immunogenicity and augment the precision of immunization strategies.However,the methodologies to capitalize on the attributes of bnAbs in vaccine design have not been clearly elucidated.In this study,we discovered a cross-type neutralizing monoclonal antibody,13H5,against human papillomavirus 6(HPV6)and HPV11.This nAb exhibited a marked preference for HPV6,demonstrating superior binding activity to virus-like particles(VLPs)and significantly higher prevalence in anti-HPV6 human serum as compared to HPV11 antiserum(90%vs.31%).Through co-crystal structural analysis of the HPV6 L1 pentamer:13H5 complex,we delineated the epitope as spanning four segments of amino acids(Phe42-Ala47,Gly172-Asp173,Glu255-Val275,and Val337-Tyr351)on the L1 surface loops.Further interaction analysis and site-directed mutagenesis revealed that the Ser341 residue in the HPV6 HI loop plays a critical role in the interaction between 13H5 and L1.Substituting Ser341 with alanine,which is the residue type present in HPV11 L1,almost completely abolished binding activity to 13H5.By swapping amino acids in the HPV11 HI loop with corresponding residues in HPV6 L1(Ser341,Thr338,and Thr339),we engineered chimeric HPV11-6HI VLPs.Remarkably,the chimeric HPV11-6HI VLPs shifted the high immunodominance of 13H5 from HPV6 to the engineered VLPs and yielded comparable neutralization titers for both HPV6 and HPV11 in mice and non-human primates.This approach paves the way for the design of broadly protective vaccines from antibodies within the main immunization reservoir.

Pijx confers broad-spectrum seedling and panicle blast resistance by promoting the degradation of ATP b subunit and OsRbohC-mediated ROS burst in rice

(Molecular Plant 16,1832-1846,November 62023)The originally published version of this manuscript contained several small mistakes in the labels and legends of main and supplemental figures,along with a few small mistakes in the main text,that have now been corrected.Specifically,in Figure 6G,the label“NILGY31^(Pijx)”has been corrected to“NIL^(Pijx)”,and in the legend of Figure 6H,“PPL^(Pijx Piz-t)”and“PPL^(Pijx Pigm)”have been corrected to“NIL^(Piz-t Pijx)”and“PPL^(Pigm Pijx).”In Figure S8A。

A Direct Toolpath Constructive Design Method for Controllable Porous Structure Configuration with a TSP-based Sequence Planning Determination

The inherent capabilities of additive manufacturing(AM)to fabricate porous lattice structures with controllable structural and functional properties have raised interest in the design methods for the production of extremely in-tricate internal geometries.Current popular methods of porous lattice structure design still follow the traditional flow,which mainly consists of computer-aided design(CAD)model construction,STereoLithography(STL)model conversion,slicing model acquisition,and toolpath configuration,which causes a loss of accuracy and manufac-turability uncertainty in AM preparation stages.Moreover,toolpath configuration relies on a knowledge-based approach summarized by expert systems.In this process,geometrical construction information is always ignored when a CAD model is created or constructed.To fully use this geometrical information,avoid accuracy loss and ensure qualified manufacturability of porous lattice structures,this paper proposes a novel toolpath-based con-structive design method to directly generate toolpath printing file of parametric and controllable porous lattice structures to facilitate model data exchange during the AM preparation stages.To optimize the laser jumping route between lattice cells,we use a hybrid travelling salesman problem(TSP)solver to determine the laser jumping points on contour scans.Four kinds of laser jumping orders are calculated and compared to select a minimal laser jumping route for sequence planning inside lattice cells.Hence,the proposed method can achieve high-precision lattice printing and avoid computational consumption in model conversion stages from a geomet-rical view.The optical metallographic images show that the shape accuracy of lattice patterns can be guaranteed.The existence of“grain boundaries”brought about by the multi-contour scanning strategy may lead to different mechanical properties.

Pijx confers broad-spectrum seedling and panicle blast resistance by promoting the degradation of ATP β subunit and OsRbohC-mediated ROS burst in rice

Rice blast,caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae,is one of the most important diseases of rice.Utilization of blast-resistance genes is the most economical,effective,and environmentally friendly way to control the disease.However,genetic resources with broad-spectrum resistance(BSR)that is effective throughout the rice growth period are rare.In this work,using a genome-wide association study,we identify a new blast-resistance gene,Pijx,which encodes a typical CC-NBS-LRR protein.Pijx is derived from a wild rice species and confers BSR to M.oryzae at both the seedling and panicle stages.The functions of the resistant haplotypes of Pijx are confirmed by gene knockout and overexpression experiments.Mechanistically,the LRR domain in Pijx interacts with and promotes the degradation of the ATP synthase β subunit(ATPb)via the 26S proteasome pathway.ATPb acts as a negative regulator of Pijx-mediated panicle blast resistance,and interacts with OsRbohC to promote its degradation.Consistently,loss of ATPb function causes an increase in NAPDH content and ROS burst.Remarkably,when Pijx is introgressed into two japonica rice varieties,the introgression lines show BSR and increased yields that are approximately 51.59%and 79.31%higher compared with those of their parents in a natural blast disease nursery.In addition,we generate PPL^(Pijx Pigm) and PPL^(Pijx Piz-t) pyramided lines and these lines also have higher BSR to panicle blast compared with Pigm-or Piz-t-containing rice plants.Collectively,this study demonstrates that Pijx not only confers BSR to M.oryzae but also maintains high and stable rice yield,providing new genetic resources and molecular targets for breeding rice varieties with broad-spectrum blast resistance.

Recent Progresses on Dopant-Free Organic Hole Transport Materials toward Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

As the third generation new battery,the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of metal halide perovskite solar cells(PsCs)has increased from 3.8%in 2009 to 25.8%currently certified,which fully shows that they have great research value and development prospect.As one of the main components of high-efficiency PSCs,hole transport materials(HTMs)play an important role in extracting and transporting holes and inhibiting charge recombination.However,commonly used HTMs require doping,and the hygroscopicity and corrosiveness of the dopants will destroy the stability of PsCs and hinder their commercialization.Therefore,it is of great significance to develop dopant-free HTMs.

An Updatable and Revocable Decentralized Identity Management Scheme Based on Blockchain

We study the decentralized identity management mechanism based on blockchain.Finally,we propose an updatable and revocable decentralized identity management scheme DIURS.In the scheme,we construct the DID management tree,which is a dynamic chameleon authentication tree essentially by using the chameleon hash function.We design algorithms in detail from four stages:sys-tem initialization,identity creation,identity update and revocation,and identity verification.We make the DID documents on the blockchain editable successfully and realize the update and revocation of DIDs.Then,we observe that DIURS can meet the structural stability and irreversibility requirements.The time of identity search and update is milliseconds.The length of the identity authentication path is short.There is no need to save the historical version of DID documents.These results indicate that DIURS is not only safe and reliable but also performs well and achieves functional optimization.

EZH2-dependent myelination following sciatic nerve injury

Demyelination and remyelination have been major focal points in the study of peripheral nerve regeneration following peripheral nerve injury.Notably,the gene regulatory network of regenerated myelin differs from that of native myelin.Silencing of enhancer of zeste homolog 2(EZH2)hinders the differentiation,maturation,and myelination of Schwann cells in vitro.To further determine the role of EZH2 in myelination and recovery post-peripheral nerve injury,conditional knockout mice lacking Ezh2 in Schwann cells(Ezh2^(fl/fl);Dhh-Cre and Ezh2^(fl/fl);Mpz-Cre)were generated.Our results show that a significant proportion of axons in the sciatic nerve of Ezh2-depleted mice remain unmyelinated.This highlights the crucial role of Ezh2 in initiating Schwann cell myelination.Furthermore,we observed that 21 days after inducing a sciatic nerve crush injury in these mice,most axons had remyelinated at the injury site in the control nerve,while Ezh2^(fl/fl);Mpz-Cre mice had significantly fewer remyelinated axons compared with their wild-type littermates.This suggests that the absence of Ezh2 in Schwann cells impairs myelin formation and remyelination.In conclusion,EZH2 has emerged as a pivotal regulatory factor in the process of demyelination and myelin regeneration following peripheral nerve injury.Modulating EZH2 activity during these processes may offer a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries.

Molecular mechanism and promising treatments of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome:An exploratory bibliometric analysis and literature review of preclinical studies

Background:As one of the most common diseases in urology,a large number of preclinical studies have been accumulated to explore the etiological mechanism and potential intervention of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome(CP/CPPS).Methods:In this study,we systematically evaluated the current status of preclinical research on CP/CPPS through bibliometrics analysis using VOSviewer and Citespace.Characteristics of publication such as year,country/region,institution,author,journal,citation,and keywords were analyzed.Based on the bibliometrics analysis results of keywords,we summarized the possible mechanisms and promising treatments for CP/CPPS narratively.Results:According to the results of this study,the most common mechanisms involved in CP/CPPS were as follows:Disturbed immune and inflammation mediators,immune cell dysfunction,oxidative stress,dysregulated signaling pathways,apoptosis,gut microbiota,and testosterone metabolism.Traditional Chinese Medicine and extracorporeal shock wave therapy have important potential in the treatment of CP/CPPS.Conclusion:Further translational studies targeting the above mechanisms and validating the objective efficacy of potential treatments indicated by preclinical studies in clinical patients are needed in the future.

高沥水性钝顶螺旋藻新品系的选育及超微结构与RAPD分析

[目的]选育高沥水性的螺旋藻新品系,显著降低藻粉生产中干燥的能耗。[方法]以用于工厂化培植的钝顶螺旋藻ZJU0115为出发品系,用组织匀浆-离心沉降法制得其原生质球,并先以0.6%EMS处理30 min再用2.4 kGy的60Coγ射线辐照,经含0.02%黄原胶(xanthan gum)的Zarrouk’s培养液筛选、藻丝单体分离培养、藻泥持水率和胞外多糖(EPS)等检测及生产培植试验。[结果]获得了一株产量、蛋白质和多糖含量与ZJU0115相当,而藻泥持水率和EPS含量分别下降5.9%和29.7%的突变体,命名为ZJU0115(HD)。超微结构与随机扩增多态性DNA标记(random amplified polymorphic DNA,RAPD)分析结果显示,与其亲本ZJU0115相比,ZJU0115(HD)藻丝表面更光滑,可能为酸性多糖的乳白状粘附物也更少;ZJU0115(HD)细胞内的多磷酸盐颗粒显著变小且呈弥散状;基因组DNA在随机引物S90的扩增产物中显示出多态性差异。[结论]ZJU0115(HD)在工厂化培植中生产性状好、高沥水性能稳定,藻泥的干燥能耗降低了近50%,它的育成与应用,有助于推进当前螺旋藻产业迈向高效、节能、绿色、环保发展的新阶段。