Age Structure and Change Trend of Tobacco Farmers:A Case Study of Shashi Town,Liuyang City,Hunan Province

Taking the tobacco-growing area of Shashi Town,Liuyang City as the object,the number of registered,newly added and resigned tobacco farmers in each year,average age,number and proportion of tobacco farmers of different ages,number and proportion of tobacco farmers born in different eras,as well as planting scale and planting history of flue-cured tobacco in the last 10 years were analyzed statistically.The results showed that the number of tobacco farmers in Shashi Town showed a rapid decline trend from 2012 to 2018,while the average age continuously increased,and the average planting scale rose in a wave like way.From 2019 to 2021,the decline rate of the number of tobacco farmers slowed down,and the average planting scale continuously increased,while the aging of tobacco farmers accelerated.Meantime,the birth years of tobacco farmers were further concentrated in the 1960s,and they were mainly at the age of 50-59.The tobacco industry in Shashi Town of Liuyang City is facing the crisis of aging tobacco farmers and no successor of flue-cured tobacco planting,and it is predicted that the next 5-10 years will continue the change trend from 2019 to 2021.

Self-assembled interlayer aiming at the stability of NiOx based perovskite solar cells

Inorganic NiO_(x) based inverted structure perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is reported to be more stable than that with the organic hole transport materials.In this work,NiO_(x)/MAPbI_(3) interface chemical reaction induced instability of perovskite is unveiled:Ni^(3+) and I^(-) exhibit redox reactions and deprotonation of MA^(+) happens,which result in interface defects and perovskite lattice deformation.Thus the defective interface accelerates the degradation of perovskite by defect pathways from the bottom interface to the perovskite surface contacting H_(2)O/O_(2).Self-assembled interlayer of NH_(2)^(-)end silane on NiO_(x)separates the reactive NiO_(x)and MAPbI_(3),tunes the interface energy states by–NH_(2) end group.As a result,the PSC based on the silane treated NiO_(x)achieves enhanced PCE of 20.1%with decent stability under environmental and extreme conditions (high temperature,high humidity,light infiltration).Our work highlights the interface chemical problem induced PSC instability and a simple interface modification to achieve the stable PSCs.

Pharmacological modulation of autophagy for Alzheimer's disease therapy:Opportunities and obstacles

Alzheimer's disease(AD)is a prevalent and deleterious neurodegenerative disorder characterized by an irreversible and progressive impairment of cognitive abilities as well as the formation of amyloidβ(Aβ)plaques and neurofibrillary tangles(NFTs)in the brain.By far,the precise mechanisms of AD are not fully understood and no interventions are available to effectively slow down progression of the disease.Autophagy is a conserved degradation pathway that is crucial to maintain cellular homeostasis by targeting damaged organelles,pathogens,and disease-prone protein aggregates to lysosome for degradation.Emerging evidence suggests dysfunctional autophagy clearance pathway as a potential cellular mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of AD in affected neurons.Here we summarize the current evidence for autophagy dysfunction in the pathophysiology of AD and discuss the role of autophagy in the regulation of AD-related protein degradation and neuroinflammation in neurons and glial cells.Finally,we review the autophagy modulators reported in the treatment of AD models and discuss the obstacles and opportunities for potential clinical application of the novel autophagy activators for AD therapy.

An Outbreak of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in a Secondary School --Hubei Province, 2019

What is already known about this topic?Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis(MDR-TB)is a type of tuberculosis with resistance to common treatments such as isoniazid and rifampicin.MDR-TB is a major global health challenge and needs to be controlled tightly through prevention measures,early diagnosis,and full treatment and management.What is added by this report?This outbreak was the first MDR-TB related public health emergency in Hubei Province.In total,five MDR-TB cases and nine clinically diagnosed cases were identified within one class in a secondary school.Students and teachers from other classes were monitored,but no other cases were found.What are the implications for public health practice?The implementation of TB prevention and control measures in schools is important to increase knowledge on TB and to raise awareness on protecting personal wellbeing.The Automatic Early Warning Information System alerted the local health department and allowed for a timely response to prevent further disease spread.

First Outbreak of Occupational Brucellosis Involving Multiple Clusters--Hubei Province,China,2019

What is already known on this topic?Human brucellosis,a neglected zoonotic disease,causes more than 500,000 new cases each year globally.The disease is of major public health concern in China,and northern provinces are traditionally endemic areas.What is added by this report?This is the first published outbreak of occupational brucellosis involving multiple clusters in Hubei Province.This investigation characterizes the transmission chain of the outbreak and reveals that provinces south of the Yangtze River are faced with a series of challenges and hurdles to overcome including,but not limited to,health education,law enforcement,and occupational protection.What are the implications for public health practice?In addition to measures aimed at this outbreak,the local agricultural department has issued special notices based on this investigation to adjust and strengthen local eradication program of brucellosis.