China is a country largely affected by desertification.The main purpose of this article is to analyze interannual and seasonal changes in fractional vegetation cover(FVC)in the Mu Us Sandy Land(MUSL).It uses fused rem...China is a country largely affected by desertification.The main purpose of this article is to analyze interannual and seasonal changes in fractional vegetation cover(FVC)in the Mu Us Sandy Land(MUSL).It uses fused remote sensing data to quantitatively analyze the response of FVC to climate change and human activities.The results showed that desertification in the MUSL had improved over the past 20 years.Grade V desertification decreased from more than 60%in 2000 to about 15%in 2020.In some years,degradation appeared to be affected by climate factors and human activity,especially in the northwestern portion of the study area.The FVC in summer was slightly higher than that in autumn and far higher than recorded in spring and winter.Spatially,the northwestern and central parts of the study area were unstable,with high coefficients of variation.FVC gradually increased from northwest to southeast,and areas with the fastest increase in FVC were concentrated along the eastern and southern edges of the study area.The correlations between FVC and precipitation and dryness were slightly pos-itive,but the correlation between FVC and temperature showed regional differences.The increase of population density is not a key factor limiting the growth of vegetation;the policy of“grazing prohibition,grazing rest,and rotational grazing”has allowed the restoration of vegetation;and afforestation is an effective way to promote the increase in FVC.展开更多
Lesions on the DNA template can impact transcription via distinct regulatory pathways.Ionizing radiation(IR)as the mainstay modality for many malignancies elicits most of the cytotoxicity by inducing a variety of DNA ...Lesions on the DNA template can impact transcription via distinct regulatory pathways.Ionizing radiation(IR)as the mainstay modality for many malignancies elicits most of the cytotoxicity by inducing a variety of DNA damages in the genome.How the IR treatment alters the transcription cycle and whether it contributes to the development of radioresistance remain poorly understood.Here,we report an increase in the paused RNA polymerase II(RNAPII),as indicated by the phosphorylation at serine 5 residue of its C-terminal domain,in recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC)patient samples after IR treatment and cultured NPC cells developing IR resistance.Reducing the pool of paused RNAPII by either inhibiting TFIIH-associated CDK7 or stimulating the positive transcription elongation factor b,a CDK9-CycT1 heterodimer,attenuates IR resistance of NPC cells.Interestingly,the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of CycT1,which disrupts its phase separation,is elevated in the IR-resistant cells.Mutation of the major poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation sites of CycT1 decreases RNAPII pausing and restores IR sensitivity.Genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing analyses reveal that several genes involved in radiation response and cell cycle control are subject to the regulation imposed by the paused RNAPII.Particularly,we identify the NIMA-related kinase NEK7 under such regulation as a new radioresistancefactor,whose downregulation results in the increased chromosome instability,enabling the development of IR resistance.Overall,our results highlight a novel link between the alteration in the transcription cycle and the acquisition of IR resistance,opening up new opportunities to increase the efficacy of radiotherapy and thwart radioresistance in NpC.展开更多
Recently,five Global LAnd Surface Satellite(GLASS)products have been released:leaf area index(LAI),shortwave broadband albedo,longwave broadband emissivity,incident short radiation,and photosynthetically active radiat...Recently,five Global LAnd Surface Satellite(GLASS)products have been released:leaf area index(LAI),shortwave broadband albedo,longwave broadband emissivity,incident short radiation,and photosynthetically active radiation(PAR).The first three products cover the years 19822012(LAI)and 19812010(albedo and emissivity)at 15 km and 8-day resolutions,and the last two radiation products span the period 20082010 at 5 km and 3-h resolutions.These products have been evaluated and validated,and the preliminary results indicate that they are of higher quality and accuracy than the existing products.In particular,the first three products have much longer time series,and are therefore highly suitable for various environmental studies.This paper outlines the algorithms,product characteristics,preliminary validation results,potential applications and some examples of initial analysis of these products.展开更多
In a recent paper published in Nature medicine,Wang,J.,et al.identified Siglec-15 as a new candidate responsible for adaptive immune resistance and a potential target for normalization cancer immunotherapy.1 Cancer ce...In a recent paper published in Nature medicine,Wang,J.,et al.identified Siglec-15 as a new candidate responsible for adaptive immune resistance and a potential target for normalization cancer immunotherapy.1 Cancer cells can develop various mechanisms to evade tumor-specific and non-specific attacks in the TME of solid tumors.2 Thus,systemic activation of immune systems or even increasing tumor-specific T cells in the peripheral does not necessarily lead to tumor regression.In fact,almost all the known strategies adopted by cancer for immune escape are also used for maintaining systemic homeostasis.展开更多
Cobalamin is an essential human vitamin widely used in the pharmaceutical,food,and feed additive industries and currently produced by bacteria or archaea.Ensifer adhaerens HY-1 is an industrial strain that also produc...Cobalamin is an essential human vitamin widely used in the pharmaceutical,food,and feed additive industries and currently produced by bacteria or archaea.Ensifer adhaerens HY-1 is an industrial strain that also produces cobalamin.However production outputs are poor and the specific synthesis pathways require characterization.In this study,the whole genome sequence of E.adhaerens HY-1 was generated and annotated,and genes associated with cobalamin biosynthesis were identified.Then,three genes,CobSV,CobQ,and CobW were identified as the most efficient ones for enhancing cobalamin synthesis.By transcriptome sequencing of E.adhaerens HY-1 cells at different growth stages,65 endogenous promoters with different gradient strengths were identified.After combined expression of different strength promoters and key genes,a high cobalamin-producing recombinant strain,‘hmm’(genotype:PmetH-CobSV-PibpA-CobQ-Pmdh-CobW),was generated.Cobalamin production was 143.8 mg/L in shaking flasks,which was 41.0%higher than the original strain.Cobalamin production was further enhanced to 171.2 mg/L using fed-batch fermentation.Importantly,our data and novel approach provide important references for the analysis of cobalamin synthesis and other metabolites in complex metabolic pathways.展开更多
Poverty alleviation is one of the greatest challenges faced by low-income and middle-income countries.China,which had the largest rural poverty-stricken population,has made tremendous efforts in alleviating poverty es...Poverty alleviation is one of the greatest challenges faced by low-income and middle-income countries.China,which had the largest rural poverty-stricken population,has made tremendous efforts in alleviating poverty especially since the implementation of the targeted poverty alleviation(TPA)policy in 2014,and by 2020,all national poverty-stricken counties(NPCs)have been out of poverty.This study combines deep learning with multiple satellite datasets to estimate county-level economic develop-ment from 2008 to 2019 and assess the effect of the TPA policy for 592 national poverty-stricken counties(NPCs)at country,provincial and county levels.Per capita gross domestic product(GDP)is used to measure the affluence level.From 2014 through 2019,the 592 NPCs experience an average growth rate of per capita GDP at 7.6%±0.4%,higher than the average growth rate of 310 adjacent non-NPC counties(7.3%±0.4%)and of the whole country(6.3%).We also reveal 42 counties with weak growth recently and that the average affluence level of the NPCs in 2019 is still much lower than the national or provincial averages.The inexpensive,timely and accurate method proposed here can be applied to other low-income and middle-income countries for affluence assessment.展开更多
γδT cells play a crucial role in immune surveillance and serve as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity.However,the metabolic requirements and regulation ofγδT-cell development and function remain poorly u...γδT cells play a crucial role in immune surveillance and serve as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity.However,the metabolic requirements and regulation ofγδT-cell development and function remain poorly understood.In this study,we investigated the role of liver kinase B1(Lkb1),a serine/threonine kinase that links cellular metabolism with cell growth and proliferation,inγδT-cell biology.Our findings demonstrate that Lkb1 is not only involved in regulatingγδT lineage commitment but also plays a critical role inγδT-cell effector function.Specifically,T-cell-specific deletion of Lkb1 resulted in impaired thymocyte development and distinct alterations inγδT-cell subsets in both the thymus and peripheral lymphoid tissues.Notably,loss of Lkb1 inhibited the commitment of Vγ1 and Vγ4γδT cells,promoted the maturation of IL-17-producing Vγ6γδT cells,and led to the occurrence of fatal autoimmune hepatitis(AIH).Notably,clearance ofγδT cells or blockade of IL-17 significantly attenuated AIH.Mechanistically,Lkb1 deficiency disrupted metabolic homeostasis and AMPK activity,accompanied by increased mTORC1 activation,thereby causing overactivation ofγδT cells and enhanced apoptosis.Interestingly,activation of AMPK or suppression of mTORC1 signaling effectively inhibited IL-17 levels and attenuated AIH in Lkb1-deficient mice.Our findings highlight the pivotal role of Lkb1 in maintaining the homeostasis ofγδT cells and preventing IL-17-mediated autoimmune diseases,providing new insights into the metabolic programs governing the subset determination and functional differentiation of thymicγδT cells.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41871231)and the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2016YFB0501502).
文摘China is a country largely affected by desertification.The main purpose of this article is to analyze interannual and seasonal changes in fractional vegetation cover(FVC)in the Mu Us Sandy Land(MUSL).It uses fused remote sensing data to quantitatively analyze the response of FVC to climate change and human activities.The results showed that desertification in the MUSL had improved over the past 20 years.Grade V desertification decreased from more than 60%in 2000 to about 15%in 2020.In some years,degradation appeared to be affected by climate factors and human activity,especially in the northwestern portion of the study area.The FVC in summer was slightly higher than that in autumn and far higher than recorded in spring and winter.Spatially,the northwestern and central parts of the study area were unstable,with high coefficients of variation.FVC gradually increased from northwest to southeast,and areas with the fastest increase in FVC were concentrated along the eastern and southern edges of the study area.The correlations between FVC and precipitation and dryness were slightly pos-itive,but the correlation between FVC and temperature showed regional differences.The increase of population density is not a key factor limiting the growth of vegetation;the policy of“grazing prohibition,grazing rest,and rotational grazing”has allowed the restoration of vegetation;and afforestation is an effective way to promote the increase in FVC.
基金This project has been supported by grants from the National Natural ScienceFoundation of China(32170821 and 92153301 to K.Y.and 32101034 to F.C.)the Ministry of Science and Technologyyof the People's Republic of China(2021YFC2701202)+2 种基金Department of Science&Technology of Hunan Province(2021J10054 and 2019SK1012 to K.Y.,2021J41049 to C.Y.,and the Innovative Team Program 2019RS1010)Central South University(the Innovationdriven Team Project 2020CX016)K.Y.is supported by the National Thousand Talents Program for Young Outstanding Scientists.
文摘Lesions on the DNA template can impact transcription via distinct regulatory pathways.Ionizing radiation(IR)as the mainstay modality for many malignancies elicits most of the cytotoxicity by inducing a variety of DNA damages in the genome.How the IR treatment alters the transcription cycle and whether it contributes to the development of radioresistance remain poorly understood.Here,we report an increase in the paused RNA polymerase II(RNAPII),as indicated by the phosphorylation at serine 5 residue of its C-terminal domain,in recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC)patient samples after IR treatment and cultured NPC cells developing IR resistance.Reducing the pool of paused RNAPII by either inhibiting TFIIH-associated CDK7 or stimulating the positive transcription elongation factor b,a CDK9-CycT1 heterodimer,attenuates IR resistance of NPC cells.Interestingly,the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of CycT1,which disrupts its phase separation,is elevated in the IR-resistant cells.Mutation of the major poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation sites of CycT1 decreases RNAPII pausing and restores IR sensitivity.Genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing analyses reveal that several genes involved in radiation response and cell cycle control are subject to the regulation imposed by the paused RNAPII.Particularly,we identify the NIMA-related kinase NEK7 under such regulation as a new radioresistancefactor,whose downregulation results in the increased chromosome instability,enabling the development of IR resistance.Overall,our results highlight a novel link between the alteration in the transcription cycle and the acquisition of IR resistance,opening up new opportunities to increase the efficacy of radiotherapy and thwart radioresistance in NpC.
基金the‘Generation and Application of Global Products of Essential Land Variables’project funded and managed by the National Remote Sensing Center of China,Ministry of Science and Technology of China(2009AA122100)with the participation of about 20 universities and research institutes.
文摘Recently,five Global LAnd Surface Satellite(GLASS)products have been released:leaf area index(LAI),shortwave broadband albedo,longwave broadband emissivity,incident short radiation,and photosynthetically active radiation(PAR).The first three products cover the years 19822012(LAI)and 19812010(albedo and emissivity)at 15 km and 8-day resolutions,and the last two radiation products span the period 20082010 at 5 km and 3-h resolutions.These products have been evaluated and validated,and the preliminary results indicate that they are of higher quality and accuracy than the existing products.In particular,the first three products have much longer time series,and are therefore highly suitable for various environmental studies.This paper outlines the algorithms,product characteristics,preliminary validation results,potential applications and some examples of initial analysis of these products.
文摘In a recent paper published in Nature medicine,Wang,J.,et al.identified Siglec-15 as a new candidate responsible for adaptive immune resistance and a potential target for normalization cancer immunotherapy.1 Cancer cells can develop various mechanisms to evade tumor-specific and non-specific attacks in the TME of solid tumors.2 Thus,systemic activation of immune systems or even increasing tumor-specific T cells in the peripheral does not necessarily lead to tumor regression.In fact,almost all the known strategies adopted by cancer for immune escape are also used for maintaining systemic homeostasis.
基金supported by the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32021005)the National Science Fund for Excellent Young Scholars(21822806).
文摘Cobalamin is an essential human vitamin widely used in the pharmaceutical,food,and feed additive industries and currently produced by bacteria or archaea.Ensifer adhaerens HY-1 is an industrial strain that also produces cobalamin.However production outputs are poor and the specific synthesis pathways require characterization.In this study,the whole genome sequence of E.adhaerens HY-1 was generated and annotated,and genes associated with cobalamin biosynthesis were identified.Then,three genes,CobSV,CobQ,and CobW were identified as the most efficient ones for enhancing cobalamin synthesis.By transcriptome sequencing of E.adhaerens HY-1 cells at different growth stages,65 endogenous promoters with different gradient strengths were identified.After combined expression of different strength promoters and key genes,a high cobalamin-producing recombinant strain,‘hmm’(genotype:PmetH-CobSV-PibpA-CobQ-Pmdh-CobW),was generated.Cobalamin production was 143.8 mg/L in shaking flasks,which was 41.0%higher than the original strain.Cobalamin production was further enhanced to 171.2 mg/L using fed-batch fermentation.Importantly,our data and novel approach provide important references for the analysis of cobalamin synthesis and other metabolites in complex metabolic pathways.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.41925006.
文摘Poverty alleviation is one of the greatest challenges faced by low-income and middle-income countries.China,which had the largest rural poverty-stricken population,has made tremendous efforts in alleviating poverty especially since the implementation of the targeted poverty alleviation(TPA)policy in 2014,and by 2020,all national poverty-stricken counties(NPCs)have been out of poverty.This study combines deep learning with multiple satellite datasets to estimate county-level economic develop-ment from 2008 to 2019 and assess the effect of the TPA policy for 592 national poverty-stricken counties(NPCs)at country,provincial and county levels.Per capita gross domestic product(GDP)is used to measure the affluence level.From 2014 through 2019,the 592 NPCs experience an average growth rate of per capita GDP at 7.6%±0.4%,higher than the average growth rate of 310 adjacent non-NPC counties(7.3%±0.4%)and of the whole country(6.3%).We also reveal 42 counties with weak growth recently and that the average affluence level of the NPCs in 2019 is still much lower than the national or provincial averages.The inexpensive,timely and accurate method proposed here can be applied to other low-income and middle-income countries for affluence assessment.
基金Natural Science Foundation of China(to M.Y.,82271754 and 82071737,to Z.Y.,32030036,to Q.Y.,32000615,and to P.F.,82301974)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(to P.F.,2023M741377)+1 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Fund(to Q.Y.,2023A1515012582,to P.F.,2022A1515110217,and to G.C.,2023B1515020018)111 Project(to Z.Y.,B16021).
文摘γδT cells play a crucial role in immune surveillance and serve as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity.However,the metabolic requirements and regulation ofγδT-cell development and function remain poorly understood.In this study,we investigated the role of liver kinase B1(Lkb1),a serine/threonine kinase that links cellular metabolism with cell growth and proliferation,inγδT-cell biology.Our findings demonstrate that Lkb1 is not only involved in regulatingγδT lineage commitment but also plays a critical role inγδT-cell effector function.Specifically,T-cell-specific deletion of Lkb1 resulted in impaired thymocyte development and distinct alterations inγδT-cell subsets in both the thymus and peripheral lymphoid tissues.Notably,loss of Lkb1 inhibited the commitment of Vγ1 and Vγ4γδT cells,promoted the maturation of IL-17-producing Vγ6γδT cells,and led to the occurrence of fatal autoimmune hepatitis(AIH).Notably,clearance ofγδT cells or blockade of IL-17 significantly attenuated AIH.Mechanistically,Lkb1 deficiency disrupted metabolic homeostasis and AMPK activity,accompanied by increased mTORC1 activation,thereby causing overactivation ofγδT cells and enhanced apoptosis.Interestingly,activation of AMPK or suppression of mTORC1 signaling effectively inhibited IL-17 levels and attenuated AIH in Lkb1-deficient mice.Our findings highlight the pivotal role of Lkb1 in maintaining the homeostasis ofγδT cells and preventing IL-17-mediated autoimmune diseases,providing new insights into the metabolic programs governing the subset determination and functional differentiation of thymicγδT cells.
