Perception of Static and Dynamic Forces with a Bio-inspired Tactile Fingertip

With the aid of different types of mechanoreceptors,human is capable of perceiving stimuli from surrounding environments and manipulating various objects dexterously.In this paper,a bio-inspired tactile fingertip is designed mimicking human fingertip in both structures and functionalities.Two pairs of strain gages and(Polyvinylidene Fluoride)PVDF films are perpendicularly arranged to simulate the Fast-Adapting(FA)and Slowly Adapting(SA)type mechanoreceptors in human hands,while silicones,Polymethyl Methacrylate(PMMA),and electronic wires are applied to mimic the skin,bone and nerve fibers.Both static and dynamic forces can be perceived sensitively.A preprocessing electric circuit is further designed to transform the resistor changes into voltages,and then filter and amplify the four-channel signals.In addition to strong robustness due to the embedded structure,the developed fingertip is found sensitive to deformations via a force test experiment.Finally,two robotic experiments explore its recognition ability of contact status and object surface.Excellent performance is found with high accuracy of 99.72%achieved in discriminating six surfaces that are ubiquitous in daily life,which demonstrates the effectiveness of our designed tactile sensor.

Gut microbiota-dependent phenylacetylglutamine in cardiovascular disease:current knowledge and new insights

Phenylacetylglutamine(PAGln)is an amino acid derivate that comes from the amino acid phenylalanine.There are increasing studies showing that the level of PAGln is associated with the risk of different cardiovascular diseases.In this review,we discussed the metabolic pathway of PAGln production and the quantitative measurement methods of PAGln.We summarized the epidemiological evidence to show the role of PAGln in diagnostic and prognostic value in several cardiovascular diseases,such as heart failure,coronary heart disease/atherosclerosis,and cardiac arrhythmia.The underlying mechanism of PAGln is now considered to be related to the thrombotic potential of platelets via adrenergic receptors.Besides,other possible mechanisms such as inflammatory response and oxidative stress could also be induced by PAGln.Moreover,since PAGln is produced across different organs including the intestine,liver,and kidney,the cross-talk among multiple organs focused on the function of this uremic toxic metabolite.Finally,the prognostic value of PAGln compared to the classical biomarker was discussed and we also highlighted important gaps in knowledge and areas requiring future investigation of PAGln in cardiovascular diseases.