A solution-processed zinc oxide (ZnO) thin film as the buffer layer with optimized processes especially the annealing conditions for inverted polymer solar cells (PSCs) has been demonstrated. Firstly the thickness of ...A solution-processed zinc oxide (ZnO) thin film as the buffer layer with optimized processes especially the annealing conditions for inverted polymer solar cells (PSCs) has been demonstrated. Firstly the thickness of ZnO buffer layer was optimized, and different annealing conditions including temperature and time have also been taken into consideration. And the best Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE) 3.434% was observed when the ZnO buffer layer was spin–coated at 1500 rpm and annealed at 275℃ for 5 min, and AFM results showed that morphology of this ZnO film has the best uniformity which was beneficial to form high quality polymer composite active layer.展开更多
In wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs),microplastics(MPs)are complex,especially with mixed domestic–industrial influents.Conventional random grab sampling can roughly depict the distribution and characteristics of MPs...In wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs),microplastics(MPs)are complex,especially with mixed domestic–industrial influents.Conventional random grab sampling can roughly depict the distribution and characteristics of MPs but can not accurately reflect their daily fluctuations.In this study,the concentration,shape,polymer type,size,and color of MPs were analyzed by micro-Raman spectroscopy(detection limit of 0.05 mm)throughout treatment stages of three mixed domestic–industrial WWTPs(W1,W2,and W3)in Wuxi City,China,and the daily fluctuations of MPs were also obtained by dense grab sampling within 24 h.For influent samples,the average MP concentration of 392.2 items/L in W1 with 10%industrial wastewater was much higher than those in W2(71.2 items/L with 10%industrial wastewater)and W3(38.3 items/L with 60%industrial wastewater).White polyethylene granules with a diameter less than 0.5 mm from plastic manufacturing were the most dominant MPs in the influent of W1,proving the key role of industrial sources in MPs pollution.In addition,the daily dense sampling results showed that MP concentration in W1 influent fluctuated widely between 29.1 items/L and 4617.6 items/L within a day.Finally,few MPs(less than 4.0 items/L)in these WWTPs effluents were attributed to the effective removal of wastewater treatment processes.Thus,further attention should be paid to regulating the primary sources of MPs.展开更多
文摘A solution-processed zinc oxide (ZnO) thin film as the buffer layer with optimized processes especially the annealing conditions for inverted polymer solar cells (PSCs) has been demonstrated. Firstly the thickness of ZnO buffer layer was optimized, and different annealing conditions including temperature and time have also been taken into consideration. And the best Power Conversion Efficiency (PCE) 3.434% was observed when the ZnO buffer layer was spin–coated at 1500 rpm and annealed at 275℃ for 5 min, and AFM results showed that morphology of this ZnO film has the best uniformity which was beneficial to form high quality polymer composite active layer.
基金grants 31230043(to C.Yang) 21432010(to X.Hao and C.Yang)+2 种基金 81473122(to Y.Zhang)from the National Natural Science Foundation of China,2013CB910102 from the National Basic Research Program of Chinathe CAS Interdisciplinary Innovation Team (to C.Yang)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of CAS (2015323).
基金This work was supported by the Major Science and Technology Program forWater Pollution Control and Treatment(China)(No.2017ZX07302-001)the Research Program for In-depth Treatment Technology Upgradation of theWuxi Urban Sewage Treatment Plant(China)(N20191003)The authors also gratefully acknowledge the support of the Pre-research Fund of Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment(China)(No.XTCXSZ2020-2).
文摘In wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs),microplastics(MPs)are complex,especially with mixed domestic–industrial influents.Conventional random grab sampling can roughly depict the distribution and characteristics of MPs but can not accurately reflect their daily fluctuations.In this study,the concentration,shape,polymer type,size,and color of MPs were analyzed by micro-Raman spectroscopy(detection limit of 0.05 mm)throughout treatment stages of three mixed domestic–industrial WWTPs(W1,W2,and W3)in Wuxi City,China,and the daily fluctuations of MPs were also obtained by dense grab sampling within 24 h.For influent samples,the average MP concentration of 392.2 items/L in W1 with 10%industrial wastewater was much higher than those in W2(71.2 items/L with 10%industrial wastewater)and W3(38.3 items/L with 60%industrial wastewater).White polyethylene granules with a diameter less than 0.5 mm from plastic manufacturing were the most dominant MPs in the influent of W1,proving the key role of industrial sources in MPs pollution.In addition,the daily dense sampling results showed that MP concentration in W1 influent fluctuated widely between 29.1 items/L and 4617.6 items/L within a day.Finally,few MPs(less than 4.0 items/L)in these WWTPs effluents were attributed to the effective removal of wastewater treatment processes.Thus,further attention should be paid to regulating the primary sources of MPs.
