Quantitative estimation of the influence factors on snow/ice albedo

Quantitative estimation of the influence of various factors,such as black carbon,snow grain,dust content,and water con tent on albedo is essential in obtaining an accurate albedo.In this paper,field measurement data,including snow grain size,density,liquid water content,and snow depth was obtained.Black carbon and dust samples were collected from the snow surface.A simultaneous observation using ASD(Analytical Spectral Devices)spectral data was employed in the Qiyi glacier located on Qilian Mountain.The measurements were compared with results obtained from the Snow,Ice,and Aerosol Radiation(SNICAR)model.Additionally,a HYbrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory(HYSPLIT)air mass backward trajectory model was used to track the source of black carbon.The simulation was found to correlate well with observed data.Liquid water content was the most influential factor of albedo among the several influencing fac tors,followed by black carbon content and snow grain size.Finally,snow density change had the least toward albedo.HYSPLIT atmospheric trajectories model can only approximately show the source of black carbon and not clearly indicate the source region of black carbon.

Estimate the influence of snow grain size and black carbon on albedo

Estimation of the influence of snow grain size and black carbon on albedo is essential in obtaining the accurate albedo. In this paper, field measurement data, including snow grain size, snow depth and density was obtained. Black carbon samples were collected from the snow surface. A simultaneous observation using Analytical Spectral Devices was employed in the Qiyi Glacier located in the Qilian Mountain. Analytical Spectral Devices spectrum data were used to analyze spectral re- flectance of snow for different grain size and black carbon content. The measurements were compared with the results obtained from the Snow, Ice, and Aerosol Radiation model, and the simulation was found to correlate well with the ob- served data. However, the simulated albedo was near to 0.98 times of the measured albedo, so the other factors were as- sumed to be constant using the corrected Snow, Ice, and Aerosol Radiation model to estimate the influence of measured snow grain size and black carbon on albedo. Field measurements were controlled to fit the relationship between the snow grain size and black carbon in order to estimate the influence of these factors on the snow albedo.

Review of snow grain size retrieval from remote sensing

In this paper, the significance and history of studying snow grain size is introduced. Based on the assumption that high reflectivity in the visible band and significant decreasing reflectivity of snow surface in the infrared band, the grain size of snow, spherical and non-spherical, is sensitive to changes in remote sensing retrieval foundation. Also, models and algorithms applied in current studies are reviewed, together with their advantages and disadvantages. In addition, in order to obtain retrieval accuracy, some factors that may affect grain size are also discussed, such as temperature, wavelength, arid particle shape, as well as method authentication.

Application of covalent organic frameworks as electrode materials for supercapacitors

Supercapacitors have garnered significant attention due to their superior power density,excellent cycle stability,and fast charge/discharge rates.The properties of the electrode materials determine the charge storage performance of supercapacitors.Covalent organic frameworks(COFs)are a novel class of crystalline porous polymer materials with uniform nanoscale pores,large specific surface areas,and tunable redox-active groups within the framework,which can be tuned to suit specific applications.They have flexible molecular designs and synthetic strategies,demonstrating their strong application potential in the field of energy storage.Most COFs exhibit poor inherent conductivity and low utilization of active sites,resulting in incomplete electrochemical performance.Hybrid systems can be developed by incorporating redox-active groups,hydrogen bonding,or combining COFs with other materials to improve the energy storage performance of COFs materials.In this review article,the background of COFs is summarized,including a brief introduction,design strategy,and synthesis methods.It also discusses their applications in supercapacitors and is categorized into:pristine COFs,modified COFs,and COF matrix composites.Finally,the review addresses the challenges that remain for the practical application of these materials in supercapacitors.