General Situation of Green Manure Germplasm Resources in China and Research Progress on Decomposition Characteristics and Fertility Improvement of Green Manures

As a kind of biological fertilizer sources, green manure can improve soil fertility and the quality of agricultural products. This paper introduced the germplasm resource of green manures in the major provinces in China, mainly summarized the characteristics of decomposition and nutrients release of returning green manures to soils, as well as the influence on soil fertility and succeeding crops, with the aim to provide references for rational utilization of green manures and the scientific management of farmland nutrients.

Research Progress on Application of Rape as Green Manure

Rape is a crop that can be widely used as a green manure.After returning to the field,it has the ability to fertilize and improve the quality of agricultural products.This paper summarized the application model of rape as a green manure and the decomposing characteristics of rape after being returned to the field,and clarified the ecological effects of returning rape to the field,with an attempt to provide scientific basis for the reasonable use of rape and nutrient management in farmland.

Decadal variations in the community status of economically important invertebrates in the Bohai Sea

With the decline of fish stocks,the proportions of economically important invertebrates like crustaceans and cephalopods have increased in the Bohai Sea.The community structure and trophic level of economically important invertebrates were analyzed using the bottom trawl survey data collected by the Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute in the Bohai Sea in May and August of 1958–1959,1982,1992–1993,2004,2009 and 2015.A total of 37 species of economically important invertebrates,belonging to 5 orders,24 families,were captured.The biomass densities of economically important invertebrates in the Bohai Sea displayed an overall downward trend from 1982 to 2015.Oratosquilla oratoria and Loligo spp.were the most dominant species in the past 30 years,the biomass proportion of O.oratoria increased gradually in both May and August from 1982 to 2015.Moreover,biodiversity indices of economically important invertebrates in the Bohai Sea appeared to decline from 1982 to 2004 and then increased in 2015.Similarly,the mean trophic level of economically important invertebrates declined from 1982 to 2004 and increased slightly in 2015.Overall,although the proportions of invertebrates have increased,the biomass densities in the Bohai Sea have displayed an overall downward trend from 1982 to 2015.The increases in the biodiversity and trophic level of economically important invertebrates after the 2000s,possibly benefit from stock enhancement projects implemented by governments at different levels and national fishery management measures such as the“double-control”of the total number and engine power of fishing vessels and summer moratorium of fishing.

Recent progress in three-terminal artificial synapses based on 2D materials:from mechanisms to applications

Synapses are essential for the transmission of neural signals.Synaptic plasticity allows for changes in synaptic strength,enabling the brain to learn from experience.With the rapid development of neuromorphic electronics,tremendous efforts have been devoted to designing and fabricating electronic devices that can mimic synapse operating modes.This growing interest in the field will provide unprecedented opportunities for new hardware architectures for artificial intelligence.In this review,we focus on research of three-terminal artificial synapses based on two-dimensional(2D)materials regulated by electrical,optical and mechanical stimulation.In addition,we systematically summarize artificial synapse applications in various sensory systems,including bioplastic bionics,logical transformation,associative learning,image recognition,and multimodal pattern recognition.Finally,the current challenges and future perspectives involving integration,power consumption and functionality are outlined.

Long-term and monthly changes in abundance,size composition and spatial distribution of the mantis shrimp Oratosquilla oratoriainthe BohaiSea

With the decline in fish resources worldwide,the ecological dominance and economic importance of crustaceans have obviously increased.Among crustacean species,mantis shrimps are increasingly dominant in many coastal waters of the world.In China,Oratosquilla oratoria is the most widely distributed and productive species of mantis shrimp,and its relative resource density is the highest in the Bohai Sea.In this study,we analysed the long-term and monthly population characteristics of O.oratoria in the Bohai Sea,including its relative resource density,body size and spatial distribution.The results showed that the relative resource density of O.oratoria in the Bohai Sea increased from 3.59 kg/h in 1982 to 14.48 kg/h in 2018,and the percentage of this species that serves as a fishery resource increased from 4.22%in 1982 to 35.27%in 2018,based on the mean relative resource density in May and August.The relative resource density of O.oratoria in the fishing moratorium season from May to August was significantly higher than that in the other months of fishing season,and the relative resource density decreased rapidly after the fishing moratorium ended.The relative resource density of O.oratoria was the highest in summer(August),followed by in autumn(October)and spring(May),and it was the lowest in winter(January).The relative resource density of O.oratoria in the western Bohai Sea was higher than that in the eastern Bohai Sea.The mean body weight of O.oratoria in the Bohai Sea decreased from 21.95 g in 1982 to 14.34 g in 2018,based on the mean body weight in May and August.The body size of O.oratoria in the fishing moratorium season was significantly higher than that in the fishing season,and the body size decreased rapidly after the fishing moratorium ended.Overall,in the context of declining resources of most fishery species,the relative resource density of O.oratoria increased due to its hardiness and adaptability,and its body size decreased under intensive fishing over the past 30 years.The fishing moratorium system had a great influence on the population dynamics of O.oratoria in terms of the relative resource density and body size in the Bohai Sea.

Two temperature-dependent 2D heterometallic Cd(Ⅱ)-Dy(Ⅲ)coordination polymers exhibiting slow magnetic relaxation and luminescence properties

Two unique two-dimensional(2D)Cd(Ⅱ)-Dy(Ⅲ)heterometallic coordination polymers,{[DyCd(HPMA)(PMA)_(2)(H_(2)O)_(4)]·2H_(2)O}_n(1)and[DyCd(PAA)(PMA)_(2)(H_(2)O)_(3)]_(n)(2,PAA^(-)=phenylacetate),were prepared successfully based on the phenylmalonic acid(H_(2)PMA).The construction of two polymers is sensitive to the reaction temperature and can be synthesized directionally at room temperature and 90℃,respectively.Complexes 1 and 2 display 2D layer structures that include dinuclear[Dy_(2)]cluster node and Dy(Ⅲ)-based 1D zigzag chain motif severally.The Dy(Ⅲ)-based units in two structures both are spaced well with the adjacent ones by the diamagnetic Cd(Ⅱ)-based moieties.The magnetic studies reveal that 1 and 2both display slow magnetic relaxation with temperature-dependent relaxation peaks producing an effective energy barrier(Δτ)of 74.5 and 32.1 K,separately.Furthermore,the solid-state photophysical properties of 1 and 2 show strong characteristic luminescent emissions of Dy(Ⅲ)ion in the visible region.

Self-sensing intelligent microrobots for noninvasive and wireless monitoring systems

Microrobots have garnered tremendous attention due to their small size,flexible movement,and potential for various in situ treatments.However,functional modification of microrobots has become crucial for their interaction with the environment,except for precise motion control.Here,a novel artificial intelligence(AI)microrobot is designed that can respond to changes in the external environment without an onboard energy supply and transmit signals wirelessly in real time.The AI microrobot can cooperate with external electromagnetic imaging equipment and enhance the local radiofrequency(RF)magnetic field to achieve a large penetration sensing depth and a high spatial resolution.The working ranges are determined by the structure of the sensor circuit,and the corresponding enhancement effect can be modulated by the conductivity and permittivity of the surrounding environment,reaching~560 times at most.Under the control of an external magnetic field,the magnetic tail can actuate the microrobotic agent to move accurately,with great potential to realize in situ monitoring in different places in the human body,almost noninvasively,especially around potential diseases,which is of great significance for early disease discovery and accurate diagnosis.In addition,the compatible fabrication process can produce swarms of functional microrobots.The findings highlight the feasibility of the self-sensing AI microrobots for the development of in situ diagnosis or even treatment according to sensing signals.

直接和间接消费所引起的中国城乡空气污染相关过早死亡不平等性

Household consumption in China is associated with substantial PM_(2.5)pollution,through activities directly(i.e.,fuel use)and/or indirectly(i.e.,consumption of goods and services)causing pollutant emissions.Urban and rural households exhibit different consumption preferences and living areas,thus their contributions to and suffering from air pollution could differ.Assessing this contrast is crucial for comprehending the environmental impacts of the nation’s ongoing urbanization process.Here we quantify Chinese urban and rural households’contributions to ambient PM_(2.5)pollution and the health risks they suffer from,by integrating economic,atmospheric,and health models and/or datasets.The national premature deaths related to long-term exposure to PM_(2.5)pollution contributed by total household consumption are estimated to be 1.1 million cases in 2015,among which 56%are urban households and 44%are rural households.For pollution contributed indirectly,urban households,especially in developed provinces,tend to bear lower mortality risks compared with the portions of deaths or pollution they contribute.The opposite results are true for direct pollution.With China’s rapid urbanization process,without adequate reduction in emission intensity,the increased indirect pollution-associated premature deaths could largely offset that avoided by reduced direct pollution,and the indirect pollution-associated urban–rural inequalities might become severer.Developing pollution mitigation strategies from both production and consumption sides could help with reducing pollution-related mortality and associated urban-rural inequality.

Synthesis of planar chiral isoquinolinone-fused ferrocenes through palladium-catalyzed C-H functionalization reaction

(S,S)-Me-BI-DIME/Pd(0)-catalyzed ennantioselective C-H functionalization of N-ferrocenyl o-bromobenzanilides has been realized,affording isoquinolinone-fused ferrocenes with up to 97% ee.The products can be transformed into planar chiral ferrocenyl monophosphines,which demonstrate their preliminary application.

单分子视踪技术揭示SARS-CoV-2病毒利用动态的丝状伪足入侵细胞

SARS-CoV-2病毒侵袭细胞的分子机制已被初步探索,但关于其如何调节亚细胞结构重塑从而侵袭多种器官及细胞类型尚不清楚.本文利用活细胞实时成像技术揭示了SARS-CoV-2病毒颗粒通过宿主细胞丝状伪足进入靶细胞的动态过程.利用荧光标记的SARS-CoV-2病毒样颗粒(VLP)和稀疏去卷积算法成像技术,发现VLP利用丝状伪足以“冲浪”和“抓取”两种模式到达入侵点,以避免病毒在细胞膜上随机搜索入侵位点,此外,结合力学模拟实验,阐明了病毒诱导丝状伪足的形成和丝状伪足的回缩速度分别取决于细胞骨架动力学和病毒重力引起的底物表面摩擦阻力.进一步研究发现SARS-CoV-2通过丝状伪足进入细胞的过程依赖于小G蛋白Cdc42(细胞分裂周期蛋白42)活性和肌动蛋白相关蛋白fasin(肌动蛋白结合蛋白)、formin(成核蛋白)和Arp2/3(肌动蛋白相关蛋白2/3复合物).综上所述,本文结果强调了SARS-CoV-2感染能对宿主细胞的微丝骨架进行时空调节,使细胞形成丝状伪足作为病毒进入的“高速轨道”,丝状伪足形成相关蛋白及其信号通路可作为潜在的抗病毒靶标.

Low-dimensional optoelectronic synaptic devices for neuromorphic vision sensors

Neuromorphic systems represent a promising avenue for the development of the next generation of artificial intelligence hardware.Machine vision,one of the cores in artificial intelligence,requires system-level support with low power consumption,low latency,and parallel computing.Neuromorphic vision sensors provide an efficient solution for machine vision by simulating the structure and function of the biological retina.Optoelectronic synapses,which use light as the main means to achieve the dual functions of photosensitivity and synapse,are the basic units of the neuromorphic vision sensor.Therefore,it is necessary to develop various optoelectronic synaptic devices to expand the application scenarios of neuromorphic vision systems.This review compares the structure and function for both biological and artificial retina systems,and introduces various optoelectronic synaptic devices based on low-dimensional materials and working mechanisms.In addition,advanced applications of optoelectronic synapses as neuromorphic vision sensors are comprehensively summarized.Finally,the challenges and prospects in this field are briefly discussed.

从管理与创作中走出来的工艺美术史论家——李苍彦

结识李苍彦先生是在2001年,他是《北京志·工业卷·工艺美术志》的主编,我是同卷《纺织工业志》的执行副主编,这两部志书合刊在一卷书内,因而有缘志同道合。他衷情于北京工艺美术史论研究,对“京作”的渊源传承、逸闻趣事能够信手拈来,如数家珍。李苍彦出生在北京普通工人家庭,1962年毕业于北京市工艺美术学校,他勤奋刻苦,不畏艰难,一步一个脚印,成为一个工艺美术史论家。