美国公有油气矿权出让管理与竞标

美国联邦政府是公有油气矿权所有者中最重要的主体,在公有油气矿权出让管理中占主导地位。联邦集中统一的管理机构设置、完善的法律体系建设和公开透明的出让管理操作程序是美国联邦油气矿权出让管理体系的基础。分析竞标者资质、竞标措施、竞标者群体以及政府有关政策措施,论述美国公有油气矿权的竞标特点,提出可供中国推进油气勘查体制改革工作参考借鉴的四个方面:一是油气作为国家战略性资源,应坚持由中央政府统筹负责油气矿业权的出让管理,地方政府配合实施;二是建立油气矿权管理和资源利用的专项法律法规体系,对保障公有油气矿权出让有序进行十分必要;三是"宽准入、严监管"政策有助于吸引更多资本进入中国油气勘探开发领域;四是加强油气矿权出让管理的信息化工作建设,规范油气区块出让程序。

The Value Constrained Production Decline Model and Its Application in Reserve Valuation

In the asset valuation of oil and gas reserves, it is discovered that the production decline trend of wells is not very obvious and that it is hard to make a production forecast matching the production history, thus resulting in a significant deviation of oil and gas asset value. For production with a significant fluctuation, the value deviation is also considerable if the matching production, which is predicted with classical decline methods, cannot appropriately reflect the time value distribution of actual production. To mitigate such a deviation, a concept is proposed concerning the value constrained production forecast and the value constrained production decline model is developed. A field case is demonstrated as an application of such a model. The model can significantly decrease the risk in the value deviation of a production decline analysis and be applied to the production forecasts for a single well, well clusters, blocks or field scale, and even for other mining industries.

抗PD-1所致糖尿病合并一过性中枢性尿崩症的病例报道及文献回顾

近年来, 以免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors, ICPis)为代表的免疫治疗是肿瘤治疗领域一大热点, 已广泛用于多种恶性肿瘤的治疗, 并取得了良好的疗效。常见的ICPis有程序性死亡受体1(programmed cell death protein 1, PD-1)抑制剂, 程序性死亡受体配体1(programmed death-ligand 1, PD-L1)抑制剂, 以及细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4(cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4, CTLA-4)抑制剂。ICPis通过阻断T细胞负性共刺激信号通路, 增强T细胞增殖、活化, 发挥内源性抗肿瘤效应。正是由于这种独特的作用机制, 这些药物也带来了许多与免疫紊乱相关的不良反应, 即免疫相关不良反应(irAEs)。irAEs几乎可累及所有的组织和器官, 如皮肤、胃肠道、内分泌腺、肝脏和肺等[1]。尽管多数irAEs为轻到中度, 但一些严重的不良反应如果没有及时发现和治疗, 可能会危及患者的生命[2]。目前报道的内分泌系统irAEs主要包括垂体炎、甲状腺功能障碍、肾上腺功能不全、糖尿病等[3]。内分泌系统irAEs并不仅局限于单一腺体, 可能同时累及多个腺体。本文将介绍一例抗PD-1免疫治疗导致ICPis相关糖尿病的病例, 患者同时还合并部分性中枢性尿崩症。笔者将回顾现有文献, 以期提高临床医师对内分泌irAEs的认识。