Many ocular diseases can cause the visual system damages and functional loss, which lead to blindness and low vision.That will not only affect patients＇ daily life and working abilities, but also have an adverse cons...Many ocular diseases can cause the visual system damages and functional loss, which lead to blindness and low vision.That will not only affect patients＇ daily life and working abilities, but also have an adverse consequence to the society and economy development.Nowadays, the visual impairment has already become a public health problem worldwide.The World Health Organization （WHO） estimated that there were approximately 161 million visually impaired people all over the world, and among them 37 million were blind.Over 90% blind people lived in developing countries.1 China has a large population, and the blind and low vision problem can not be ignored.In 2006, China national survey on disability showed that there were 12330000 visually disabled people in China, which accounted for 14.86% of overall disabilities.2Understanding the prevalence and main causes of blindness and low vision and looking for effective treatment methods is essential for the prevention of visual impairment.展开更多
Objective To review the functions of these intracellular signals in their regulation of retinal ganglion cell （RGC） axon regeneration. Data sources Relevant articles published in English or Chinese from 1970 to pres...Objective To review the functions of these intracellular signals in their regulation of retinal ganglion cell （RGC） axon regeneration. Data sources Relevant articles published in English or Chinese from 1970 to present were selected from PubMed. Searches were made using the terms ＂intrinsic determinants, axon regeneration, RGC, optic nerve regeneration, and central nervous system axon regeneration.＂ Study selection Articles studying the mechanisms controlling RGC and central nervous system （CNS） axon regeneration were reviewed. Articles focusing on the intrinsic determinants of axon regeneration were selected. Results Like other CNS neurons of mammals, RGCs undergo a developmental loss in their ability to grow axons as they mature, which is a critical contributing factor to the failure of nerve regeneration and repair after injury. This growth failure can be attributed, at least in part, by the induction of molecular programs preventing cellular overgrowth and termination of axonal growth upon maturation. Key intracellular signals and transcription factors, including B cell lymphoma/leukemia 2, cyclic adenine monophosphate, mammalian target of rapamycin, and Kr^Jppel-like transcription factors, have been identified to play central roles in this process. Conclusions Intense effort and substantial progress have been made to identify the various intrinsic growth pathways that regulate RGC axon regeneration. More work is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of and the interrelationship between the actions of these factors and to successfully achieve regeneration and repair of the severed RGC axons.展开更多
文摘Many ocular diseases can cause the visual system damages and functional loss, which lead to blindness and low vision.That will not only affect patients＇ daily life and working abilities, but also have an adverse consequence to the society and economy development.Nowadays, the visual impairment has already become a public health problem worldwide.The World Health Organization （WHO） estimated that there were approximately 161 million visually impaired people all over the world, and among them 37 million were blind.Over 90% blind people lived in developing countries.1 China has a large population, and the blind and low vision problem can not be ignored.In 2006, China national survey on disability showed that there were 12330000 visually disabled people in China, which accounted for 14.86% of overall disabilities.2Understanding the prevalence and main causes of blindness and low vision and looking for effective treatment methods is essential for the prevention of visual impairment.
基金This study was supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 81170837）.
文摘Objective To review the functions of these intracellular signals in their regulation of retinal ganglion cell （RGC） axon regeneration. Data sources Relevant articles published in English or Chinese from 1970 to present were selected from PubMed. Searches were made using the terms ＂intrinsic determinants, axon regeneration, RGC, optic nerve regeneration, and central nervous system axon regeneration.＂ Study selection Articles studying the mechanisms controlling RGC and central nervous system （CNS） axon regeneration were reviewed. Articles focusing on the intrinsic determinants of axon regeneration were selected. Results Like other CNS neurons of mammals, RGCs undergo a developmental loss in their ability to grow axons as they mature, which is a critical contributing factor to the failure of nerve regeneration and repair after injury. This growth failure can be attributed, at least in part, by the induction of molecular programs preventing cellular overgrowth and termination of axonal growth upon maturation. Key intracellular signals and transcription factors, including B cell lymphoma/leukemia 2, cyclic adenine monophosphate, mammalian target of rapamycin, and Kr^Jppel-like transcription factors, have been identified to play central roles in this process. Conclusions Intense effort and substantial progress have been made to identify the various intrinsic growth pathways that regulate RGC axon regeneration. More work is needed to elucidate the mechanisms of and the interrelationship between the actions of these factors and to successfully achieve regeneration and repair of the severed RGC axons.
