基于二阶滑模算法的步进电机自动升降转速控制方法

受各部分联动关系的影响,步进电机转速的升降调节控制效果难以满足实际需求。为此,提出基于二阶滑模算法的步进电机自动升降转速控制方法。在综合步进电机转子的运动方程、步进电机的电磁力矩方程、电机转动方程及阻尼系数方程的基础上,构建步进电机数学模型,并明确通过调节输入电流,控制步进电机的转速,使得电机达到期望转速的控制目标。在具体的控制阶段,引入二阶滑模控制器,根据增益系数对滑模面函数和滑模控制律进行循环迭代,直至满足控制要求。测试结果表明,设计控制方法不仅能够实现在短时间内迅速调整测试步进电机转速,并且转速表现出较高的稳定性,满足实际应用需求。

Analysis and design for the comprehensive ballistic and blast resistance of polyurea-coated steel plate

Fragments and blast waves generated by explosions pose a serious threat to protective structures.In this paper,the impact resistance of polyurea-coated steel plate under complex dynamic loading is analyzed and designed for improving comprehensive ballistic and blast resistance using the newly established computational evaluating model.Firstly,according to the thickness and placement effects of the coating on the impact resistance,the steel-core sandwich plates are designed,which are proved to own outstanding comprehensive ballistic and blast resistance.Besides,the distribution diagram of ballistic and blast resistance for different polyurea-coated steel plates is given to guide the design of protective structures applying in different explosion scenarios.Furthermore,the dynamic response of designed plates under two scenarios with combined fragments and blast loading is studied.The results show that the synergistic effect of the combined loading reduces both the ballistic and blast resistance of the polyurea-coated steel plate.Besides,the acting sequence of the fragments and blast affects the structural protective performance heavily.It is found that the first loading inducing structural large deformation or damage is dominant.When fragments impact first,the excellent unit-thickness ballistic performance of the structural front part is strongly needed for improving the comprehensive ballistic and blast resistance.

北京工人体育场历史记忆构件保护挪移和复现

在北京工人体育场改造工程中对历史记忆构件进行保护及原貌复现。利用三维激光扫描技术对外侧九座雕塑进行数字建模,包括扫描环境处理、布站选点、外业扫描、点云数据拼接。介绍了外墙窗花保护性拆除、三维激光扫描及3D打印原貌复现的工程实践细节。实践经验表明:三维激光扫描技术生成的数字模型准确性较高,3D打印技术在制作复杂的结构构件上具有较强的实用性,二者结合可以用于保护和复现历史记忆构件。

利用夜光遥感影像进行城市化监测

成渝地区快速城镇化的背景下,利用该地区夜晚灯光的分布和亮度变化来模拟区域城市扩展情况。对近21年的DMSP/OLS夜光遥感数据的相互定标、梯度分割、灰度阈值分类,提取出城市空间分布,同时采用面积比值法进行提取精度评估。基于Geo-Spatial Analyst模块对成渝地区城市分布的矢量图形进行空间叠加分析,结合该区域的交通网,来监测区域城市化进程和城市结构的变化,研究结果表明:梯度分割和灰度阈值分类的组合方式,提高了对图像城市区的识别精度,精度An达到了0.052;成渝双核城市化扩展呈现不同特点,成都以及毗邻区主要呈现以绵阳—成都—乐山为主轴的东北西南向扩展特点,从2003年以后开始,该地区城市扩展范围增加明显。而重庆地区则是重庆为内核向四周扩展;成都和重庆的城市扩展呈现了独特的扩展结构,成都及其毗邻区呈现以成都外环、彭州-乐至-中江-眉山-都江堰、绵阳-遂宁-内江-自贡-乐山,的三环卫星城网络结构。而重庆的扩展结构呈现星型,以重庆为中心向外辐射,辐射方向主要是西北和西南。

掺镨硼酸钙氧钆(GdCOB∶Pr)晶体的光谱性能

首次生长了新型激光晶体GdCa4 O (BO3) 3∶Pr简称(GdCOB∶Pr) ,测量了它的室温透过谱 ,并在 5 30nm激光激发下测量了晶体的荧光发射 ,分析并标定了Pr3+ 离子的能级跃迁对应的峰值。

非饱和土空间分数阶渗流模型的有限差分方法研究

地下水在非饱和土体中的输运过程及渗流特性具有重要的研究意义。首先,从反常扩散方程的角度分析地下水在非饱和土中的输运过程,引入Conformable导数,得到了一维情况下非饱和土空间分数阶渗流方程;其次,用全隐式形式的有限差分法求解渗流方程离散格式,得到了求解的迭代矩阵;最后,根据已有论文的试验数据对渗流模型的有效性进行了验证,并对公式中的参数进行了敏感性分析。结果表明,新模型能够较好地描述地下水在非饱和土体中的输运过程,Conformable导数具有较好的适用性。

Numerical study on dynamic mechanism of brain volume and shear deformation under blast loading

Blast-induced traumatic brain injury(b-TBI)is a kind of significant injury to soldiers in the current military conflicts.However,the mechanism of b-TBI has not been well understood,and even there are some contradictory conclusions.It is crucial to reveal the dynamic mechanism of brain volume and shear deformations under blast loading for better understanding of b-TBI.In this paper,the numerical simulation method is adopted to carry out comprehensive and in-depth researches on this issue for the first time.Based on the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian method,the fluid-structure coupling model of the blast wave and human head is developed to simulate two situations,namely the head subjected to the frontal and lateral impacts.The simulation results are analyzed to obtain the underlying dynamic mechanisms of brain deformation.The brain volume deformation is dominated by the local bending vibration of the skull,and the corresponding frequency for the forehead skull under the frontal impact and the lateral skull faced to the lateral impact is as high as 8 kHz and 5 kHz,respectively.This leads to the high-frequency fluctuation of brain pressure and the large pressure gradient along the skull,totally different from the dynamic response of brain under head collisions.While the brain shear deformation mainly depends on the relative tangential displacement between the skull and brain and the anatomical structure of inner skull,being not related to the brain pressure and its gradient.By further comparing the medical statistics,it is inferred that diffuse axonal injury and brain contusion,the two most common types of b-TBI,are mainly attributed to brain shear deformations.And the von Mises stress can be adopted as the indicator for these two brain injuries.This study can provide theoretical guidance for the diagnosis of b-TBI and the development of protective equipment.

Incidence, casualties and risk characteristics of civilian explosion blast injury in China: 2000-2017 data from the State Administration of Work Safety

Background: Civilian explosion blast injury is more frequent in developing countries, including China. However, the incidence, casualties, and characteristics of such incidents in China are unknown.Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of the State Administration of Work Safety database. Incidents during a period from January 1, 2000 to April 30, 2017 were included in the analysis. The explosions were classified based on the number of deaths into extraordinarily major, major, serious and ordinary type. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the incidence and characteristics of the explosions. Correlation analysis was performed to examine the potential correlations among various variables.Results: Data base search identified a total of 2098 explosions from 2000 to 2017, with 29,579 casualties: 15,788 deaths(53.4%), 12,637 injured(42.7%) and 1154 missing(3.9%). Majority of the explosions were serious type(65.4%). The number of deaths(39.5%) was also highest with the serious type(P=0.006). The highest incidence was observed in the fourth quarter of the year(October to December), and at 9:00–11:00 am and 4:00–6:00 pm of the day. The explosions were most frequent in coal-producing provinces(Guizhou and Shanxi Province). Coal mine gas explosions resulted majority of the deaths(9620, 60.9%). The number of explosion accidents closely correlated with economic output(regional economy and national GDP growth rate)(r=–0.372, P=0.040;r=0.629, P=0.028).Conclusions: The incidence and civilian casualties due to explosions remain unacceptable in developing China. Measures that mitigate the risk factors are of urgently required.

A consistent projection-based SUPG/PSPG XFEM for incompressible two-phase flows

In this paper, a consistent projection-based streamline upwind/pressure stabilizing Petrov-Galerkin （SUPG/PSPG） extended finite element method （XFEM） is presented to model incompressible immiscible two-phase flows. As the application of linear elements in SUPG/PSPG schemes gives rise to inconsistency in stabilization terms due to the inability to regenerate the diffusive term from viscous stresses, the numerical accuracy would deteriorate dramatically. To address this issue, projections of convection and pressure gradient terms are constructed and incorporated into the stabilization formulation in our method. This would substantially recover the consistency and free the practitioner from burdensome computations of most items in the residual. Moreover, the XFEM is employed to consider in a convenient way the fluid properties that have interfacial jumps leading to discontinuities in the velocity and pressure fields as well as the projections. A number of numerical examples are analyzed to demonstrate the complete recovery of consistency, the reproduction of interfacial discontinuities and the ability of the proposed projection-based SUPG/PSPG XFEM to model two-phase flows with open and closed interfaces.

基于单一分光棱镜干涉仪的双通路定量相位显微术

仅仅使用一个单独的分光棱镜(BS),实现了一种用于生物细胞三维成像的双通路定量相位显微术.不同于传统的使用方法,将BS倾斜放置,使中央半反射层与入射光光轴之间存在一个非常小的角度.这样基于BS的分光特性,经过BS后的透射光束和反射光束将会叠加在一起并形成干涉.调节样品位置,利用相机拍摄同时获得了存在π相移的双通路干涉图.这种离轴干涉模式,只需要记录单幅干涉图就可以获得真实的相位信息,方法结构简单,易于操作,适用于微小透明样品的三维形貌测量.

大型煤化工项目输煤程控系统的优化

在介绍输煤系统的工艺流程、主要设备和控制要求的基础上,分析了以往的输煤程控系统设计方案,发现此方案存在电缆需求大造成成本高、桥架增多导致设计麻烦,存在电磁干扰影响可靠性的缺点。针对存在的问题,提出了采用西门子远程I/O站的解决方案,并介绍了新方案的特点和优点。通过对两种方案在昊源煤化工项目的对比,可以看出新方案可节约电缆成本,降低设计工作量,提高系统稳定性,便于系统扩展,从而确保输煤系统安全、稳定地运行。

A New View of Incipient Plastic Instability during Nanoindentation

Whether the dislocation nucleation or the sudden dislocation multiplication dominates the incipient plastic instability during the nanoindentation of initial defect-free single crystal still remains unclear. In this work, the dislocation mechanism corresponding to the incipient plastic instability is numerically investigated by coupling discrete dislocation dynamics with the finite element method. The coupling model naturally introduces the dislocation nucleation and accurately captures the heterogeneous stress field during nanoindentation. The simulation results show that the first dislocation nucleation induces the initial pop-in event when the indenter is small, while for larger indenters, the incipient plastic instability is ascribed to the cooperation between dislo- cation nucleation and multiplication. Interestingly, the local dislocation densities for both cases are almost the same when the sudden load drop occurs. Thus it is inferred that the adequate dislocations generated by either nucleation or multiplication, of both, are the requirement for the trigger of incipient plastic instability. A unified dislocation-based mechanism is proposed to interpret the precipitate incipient plastic instability.

GdCOB:Eu^(3+)晶体的生长及其光谱性能研究

生长了新型激光晶体 Gd Ca4O( BO3) 3:Eu3+ (简称 Gd COB:Eu3+ ) ,测量了室温透过谱。确定了室温下 Eu3+ 在 Gd COB晶体中的能级结构。在 46 5 nm的 Ar3+ 离子激光泵浦下 ,测量了晶体 5 D0 → 7F1 ,2 跃迁和 5 D1 → 7F0 ,1 ,2 跃迁的荧光发射 。

An optimized perforation clusters spacing model based on the frictional shale layer’s debonding

The success of hydraulic fracturing for shale gas recovery has motivated much research interest in understanding the underlying mechanisms (1-3)When hydraulic fractures (HFs) expand, multiple cracks and crack branches can result in complex damage zones and are generally considered to be a stimulated reservoir volume (SRV).

Evaluating the blast mitigation performance of hard/soft composite structures through field explosion experiment and numerical analysis

The application of hard/soft composite structure in personnel armor for blast mitigation is relatively practical and effective in realistic protection engineering,such as the shell/liner system of the helmet.However,there is still lacking a reliable experi-mental methodology to effectively evaluate the blast mitigation performance when the structure directly contacts the protected target,which limits the development of protection structures.In this paper,we proposed a new method to evaluate experi-mentally and numerically the blast mitigation performance of hard/soft composite structures.The blast mitigation mechanism is analyzed.The hard/soft structures were composed of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene(UHMWPE)composite and expanded polyethylene(EPE)foam.In field explosion experiment,a 7.0 kg trinitrotoluene(TNT)spherical charge is used to generate blast waves at a 3.8 m stand-off distance.A pressure test device is designed to support the tested structure and measure the transmitted blast pressure pulses after passing through the structure.Experimental results indicate that the hard/soft structures can mitigate the blast pressure pulse into the triangular pressure pulse,through making the pulse profile flatter,reducing the pressure amplitude,and delaying the pulse arrival time.Specifically,the combination of 7 mm UHMWPE composite and 20 mm EPE foam can reduce the blast pressure amplitude by 40%.Correspondingly,the finite element simulation is also carried out to understand the blast mitigation mechanism.The numerical results indicate that the regulation for blast pressure pulses mainly complete at the hard/soft interface,which is attributed to the reflection of pressure waves at the interface and the deformation of the soft layer compressed by the hard layer possessing kinetic energy.Furthermore,based on these analyses,the corresponding theoretical model is proposed,and it can well explain the experimental and numerical results.This study is meaningful for evaluating and designing high-performance blast mitigation structures.

Tensile properties of individual multicellular Bacillus subtilis fibers

Microfibers formed by Bacillus subtilis(B. subtilis) have attracted interest because of their potential for use as biodegradable fibers. In this work, an efficient method based on the micro-liquid bridge method(LBM) is proposed to investigate the mechanical properties and the deformation evolution in individual fibers. For the first time, tensile testing of fibers of this type containing several cells is conducted in a scanning electron microscope(SEM) chamber and the in situ deformation evolution of the fibers and the septa is observed. Experimental results show that these fibers are almost broken at the positions of the septa at low humidity, but also show that their fracture morphologies are different. At high humidity, local necking deformation occurs at the septum position. To explore the deformation mechanism of an individual bacterial fiber with a diameter of several hundred nanometers under different humidity conditions, we use the finite element method(FEM) to analyze the tensile deformation behavior of these fibers when their septa are at various separation levels. The numerical results indicate that weak interactions among the septa lead to the dispersion of both the fibrous tensile strength and the modulus. These results may be helpful in understanding the deformation mechanism, thus leading to further improvements in the mechanical performance of these fibers.

On the material constants measurement method of a fluid-saturated transversely isotropic poroelastic medium

The fluid-saturated transversely isotropic poroelastic medium could be widely found in nature, e.g., the sedimentary rocks underground. To determine the eight independent material constants for the transversely isotropic poroelastic medium, a series of tests are discussed. Two undrained tests and one drained test are suggested as a set of tests of the least amount. For the verification purpose, two additional drained tests are also introduced as an option. The atmospheric dried test is discussed as a replacement of the traditional infiltrated drained test to save the time waiting for an equilibrium state. Some microscopic material constants, i.e.,the unjacketed bulk coefficients, the porosity, and the compressibility of porous fluid, are measurable but unnecessary to determine the independent material constants of a poroelastic medium.

XFEM modeling of hydraulic fracture in porous rocks with natural fractures

Hydraulic fracture （HF） in porous rocks is a complex multi-physics coupling process which involves fluid flow, diffusion and solid deformation. In this paper, the extended finite element method （XFEM） coupling with Biot theory is developed to study the HF in permeable rocks with natural fractures （NFs）. In the recent XFEM based computational HF models, the fluid flow in fractures and interstitials of the porous media are mostly solved separately, which brings difficulties in dealing with complex fracture morphology. In our new model the fluid flow is solved in a unified framework by considering the fractures as a kind of special porous media and introducing Poiseuille-type flow inside them instead of Darcy-type flow. The most advantage is that it is very convenient to deal with fluid flow inside the complex frac^xre network, which is important in shale gas extraction. The weak formulation for the new coupled model is derived based on virtual work principle, which includes the XFEM formulation for multiple fractures and fractures intersection in porous media and finite element formulation for the unified fluid flow. Then the plane strain Kristianovic-Geertsma-de Klerk （KGD） model and the fluid flow inside the fracture network are simulated to validate the accuracy and applicability of this method. The numerical results show that large injection rate, low rock permeability and isotropic in-situ stresses tend to lead to a more uniform and productive fracture network.

ENRICHED GOAL-ORIENTED ERROR ESTIMATION APPLIED TO FRACTURE MECHANICS PROBLEMS SOLVED BY XFEM

Based on the concept of constitutive relation error along with the residual of both origin and dual problems, a goal-oriented error estimation method with extended degrees of freedom is developed in this paper. It leads to high quality local error bounds in the problem of fracture mechanics simulation with extended finite element method （XFEM）, which involves enrichment to solve a stress singularity in the crack. Since goal-oriented error estimation with enriched degrees of freedom gives us a chance to evaluate the XFEM simulation, the stress intensity factor calculated by two kinds of XFEM programs developed by ourselves and by commercial code ABAQUS are compared in this work. By comparing the reliability of the stress intensity factor calculation, the accuracy of two programs in different cases is evaluated and the source of error is discussed. A 2-dimensional XFEM example is given to illustrate the computational procedure.

Theoretical aspects of selecting repeated unit cell model in micromechanical analysis using displacement-based finite element method

Repeated Unit Cell（RUC）is a useful tool in micromechanical analysis of composites using Displacement-based Finite Element（DFE）method,and merely applying Periodic Displacement Boundary Conditions（PDBCs）to RUC is almost a standard practice to conduct such analysis.Two basic questions arising from this practice are whether Periodic Traction Boundary Conditions（PTBCs,also known as traction continuity conditions）are guaranteed and whether the solution is independent of selection of RUCs.This paper presents the theoretical aspects to tackle these questions,which unify the strong form,weak form and DFE method of the micromechanical problem together.Specifically,the solution’s independence of selection of RUCs is dealt with on the strong form side,PTBCs are derived from the weak form as natural boundary conditions,and the validity of merely applying PDBCs in micromechanical Finite Element（FE）analysis is proved by referring to its intrinsic connection to the strong form and weak form.Key points in the theoretical aspects are demonstrated by illustrative examples,and the merits of setting micromechanical FE analysis under the background of a clear theoretical framework are highlighted in the efficient selection of RUCs for Uni Directional（UD）fiber-reinforced composites.