The development of dielectric materials with low permittivity and low loss is a great challenge in wireless communication.In this study,LiLn(PO_(3))_(4)(Ln=La,Sm,Eu)ceramic systems were successfully prepared using the...The development of dielectric materials with low permittivity and low loss is a great challenge in wireless communication.In this study,LiLn(PO_(3))_(4)(Ln=La,Sm,Eu)ceramic systems were successfully prepared using the traditional solid-state method.X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the LiLn(PO_(3))_(4)ceramics crystallized in a monoclinic structure when sintered at 850–940℃.The characteristic peak shifted to higher angles with variations in the Ln element,which was ascribed to a reduction in the cell volume.Further analysis by structure refinement revealed that the reduction in the cell volume resulted from the decrease in chemical bond lengths and the compression of[LiO_(4)]and[PO_(4)]tetrahedra.Remarkably,the LiLn(PO_(3))_(4)ceramic system displayed exceptional performance at low sintering temperatures(910–925℃),including a high quality factor(Q·f)of 41,607–75,968 GHz,low temperature coefficient of resonant frequency(τ_(f))ranging from−19.64 to−47.49 ppm/℃,low permittivity(ε_(r))between 5.04 and 5.26,and low density(3.04–3.26 g/cm^(3)).The application of Phillips–van Vechten–Levine(P–V–L)theory revealed that the increased Q·f value of the LiLn(PO_(3))_(4)systems can be attributed to the enhanced packing fraction,bond covalency,and lattice energy,and the stability of τ_(f) was associated with the increase in the bond energy.Furthermore,a prototype microstrip patch antenna using LiEu(PO_(3))_(4) ceramics was fabricated.The measurement results demonstrated excellent antenna performance with a bandwidth of 360 MHz and a peak gain of 5.11 dB at a central frequency of 5.08 GHz.Therefore,low-εr LiLn(PO_(3))_(4)ceramic systems are promising candidates for microwave/millimeter-wave communication.展开更多
Developing excellent cathode catalysts with superior catalytic activities is essential for the practical application of aprotic lithium-oxygen batteries(LOBs).Herein,we successfully synthesized nitrogen-doped hollow m...Developing excellent cathode catalysts with superior catalytic activities is essential for the practical application of aprotic lithium-oxygen batteries(LOBs).Herein,we successfully synthesized nitrogen-doped hollow mesoporous carbon spheres encapsulated with molybdenum disulfide(MoS_(2))nanosheets as the cathode catalyst for rechargeable LOBs,and the relationship between the battery performance and structural characteristics was intensively researched.We found that the synergistic effect of the nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon and MoS_(2)nanosheets endows superior electrocatalytic activities to the composite catalyst.On the one hand,the nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon could enable fast charge transfer and effectively accommodate more discharging products in the composite skeleton.On the other hand,the thin MoS_(2)nanosheets could promote mass transportation to facilitate the revisable formation and decomposition of the Li2O2 during oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction,and the side reactions were also prevented,apparently due to their full coverage on the composite surfaces.As a result,the catalytic cathode loaded with 2H-MoS_(2)-modified nitrogen-doped hollow mesoporous carbon spheres exhibited excellent electrochemical performance in terms of large discharge-/charge-specific capacities with low overpotentials and extended cycling life,and they hold great promise for acting as the cathode catalyst for high-performance LOBs.展开更多
Due to increasing complexity, uncertainty and data dimensions in power systems, conventional methods often meet bottlenecks when attempting to solve decision and control prob- lems. Therefore, data-driven methods towa...Due to increasing complexity, uncertainty and data dimensions in power systems, conventional methods often meet bottlenecks when attempting to solve decision and control prob- lems. Therefore, data-driven methods toward solving such prob- lems are being extensively studied. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is one of these data-driven methods and is regarded as real artificial intelligence (AI). DRL is a combination of deep learning (DL) and reinforcement learning (RL). This field of research has been applied to solve a wide range of complex sequential decision-making problems, including those in power systems. This paper firstly reviews the basic ideas, models, algorithms and techniques of DRL. Applications in power systems such as energy management, demand response, electricity market, operational control, and others are then considered. In addition, recent advances in DRL including the combination of RL with other classical methods, and the prospect and challenges of applications in power systems are also discussed.展开更多
Te mechanism of negative permittivity/permeability is still unclear in the random metamaterials,where the precise control of microstructure and electromagnetic properties is also a challenge due to its random characte...Te mechanism of negative permittivity/permeability is still unclear in the random metamaterials,where the precise control of microstructure and electromagnetic properties is also a challenge due to its random characteristic.Here silver was introduced into porous SiO_(2) microsphere matrix by a self-assemble and template method to construct the random metamaterials.Te distribution of silver was restricted among the interstices of SiO_(2) microspheres,which lead to the precise regulation of electrical percolation(from hoping to Drude-type conductivity)with increasing silver content.Negative permittivity came from the plasma-like behavior of silver network,and its value and frequency dispersion were further adjusted by Lorentz-type dielectric response.During this process,the frequency of epsilon-near-zero(ENZ)could be adjusted accordingly.Negative permeability was well explained by the magnetic response of eddy current in silver micronetwork.Te calculation results indicated that negative permeability has a linear relation with ω^(0.5),showing a relaxation-type spectrum,diferent from the“magnetic plasma”of periodic metamaterials.Electromagnetic simulations demonstrated that negative permittivity materials and ENZ materials,with the advantage of enhanced absorption(40dB)and intelligent frequency selection even in a thin thickness(0.1 mm),could have potentials for electromagnetic attenuation and shielding.Tis work provides a clear physical image for the theoretical explanation of negative permittivity and negative permeability in random metamaterials,as well as a novel strategy to precisely control the microstructure of random metamaterials.展开更多
Electromagnetic waves carrying an orbital angular momentum (OAM) are of great interest. However, most OAM antennas presentdisadvantages such as a complicated structure, low efficiency, and large divergence angle, whic...Electromagnetic waves carrying an orbital angular momentum (OAM) are of great interest. However, most OAM antennas presentdisadvantages such as a complicated structure, low efficiency, and large divergence angle, which prevents their practicalapplications. So far, there are few papers and research focuses on the problem of the divergence angle. Herein, a metasurfaceantenna is proposed to obtain the OAM beams with a small divergence angle. The circular arrangement and phase gradient wereused to simplify the structure of the metasurface and obtain the small divergence angle, respectively. The proposed metasurfaceantenna presents a high transmission coefficient and effectively decreases the divergence angle of the OAM beam. All thetheoretical analyses and derivation calculations were validated by both simulations and experiments. This compact structurepaves the way to generate OAM beams with a small divergence angle.展开更多
Longitudinal twinning α-In2Se3 nanowires with the （10T 8） twin plane were synthesized to fabricate high performance single nanowire based photodetectors. As-synthesized a-In2Se3 nanowire exhibited typical n-type se...Longitudinal twinning α-In2Se3 nanowires with the （10T 8） twin plane were synthesized to fabricate high performance single nanowire based photodetectors. As-synthesized a-In2Se3 nanowire exhibited typical n-type semiconducting behavior with an electron mobility of 23.1 cm2-V1. S-1 and a broadband spectral response from 300 to 1100 nm, covering the ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared （UV-visible-NIR） region. Besides, the fabricated device showed a high responsivity of 8.57 × 10^5 A·W^-1, high external quantum efficiency up to 8.8 × 107% and a high detectivity of 1.58 ×10^12 Jones under 600 nm light illumination at a basis of 3 V, which are much higher than previously reported In2Se3 nanostructures due to the interface defect effect of the twin plane. The results indicated that the longitudinal twinning α-In2Se3 nano- wires have immense potential for further applications in highly performance broadband photodetectors and other optoelectronic devices.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52272117 and 52171141)the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2022YFB3505104 and 2022YFB3706604)The authors are thankful to Professors Zeming Qi and Chuansheng Hu in IR beamline workstation of National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory(NSRL)for the IR measurement.The authors thank Professor Lanling Zhao and Shiyanjia Lab(www.shiyanjia.com)for the support of first-principles calculations.
文摘The development of dielectric materials with low permittivity and low loss is a great challenge in wireless communication.In this study,LiLn(PO_(3))_(4)(Ln=La,Sm,Eu)ceramic systems were successfully prepared using the traditional solid-state method.X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the LiLn(PO_(3))_(4)ceramics crystallized in a monoclinic structure when sintered at 850–940℃.The characteristic peak shifted to higher angles with variations in the Ln element,which was ascribed to a reduction in the cell volume.Further analysis by structure refinement revealed that the reduction in the cell volume resulted from the decrease in chemical bond lengths and the compression of[LiO_(4)]and[PO_(4)]tetrahedra.Remarkably,the LiLn(PO_(3))_(4)ceramic system displayed exceptional performance at low sintering temperatures(910–925℃),including a high quality factor(Q·f)of 41,607–75,968 GHz,low temperature coefficient of resonant frequency(τ_(f))ranging from−19.64 to−47.49 ppm/℃,low permittivity(ε_(r))between 5.04 and 5.26,and low density(3.04–3.26 g/cm^(3)).The application of Phillips–van Vechten–Levine(P–V–L)theory revealed that the increased Q·f value of the LiLn(PO_(3))_(4)systems can be attributed to the enhanced packing fraction,bond covalency,and lattice energy,and the stability of τ_(f) was associated with the increase in the bond energy.Furthermore,a prototype microstrip patch antenna using LiEu(PO_(3))_(4) ceramics was fabricated.The measurement results demonstrated excellent antenna performance with a bandwidth of 360 MHz and a peak gain of 5.11 dB at a central frequency of 5.08 GHz.Therefore,low-εr LiLn(PO_(3))_(4)ceramic systems are promising candidates for microwave/millimeter-wave communication.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.51971119 and 52171141)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(grant nos.ZR2020YQ32 and ZR2020QB122)+2 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(grant no.2020M672054)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(grant no.2021A1515111124)the Young Scholars Program of Shandong University(grant no.2019WLJH21).
文摘Developing excellent cathode catalysts with superior catalytic activities is essential for the practical application of aprotic lithium-oxygen batteries(LOBs).Herein,we successfully synthesized nitrogen-doped hollow mesoporous carbon spheres encapsulated with molybdenum disulfide(MoS_(2))nanosheets as the cathode catalyst for rechargeable LOBs,and the relationship between the battery performance and structural characteristics was intensively researched.We found that the synergistic effect of the nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon and MoS_(2)nanosheets endows superior electrocatalytic activities to the composite catalyst.On the one hand,the nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon could enable fast charge transfer and effectively accommodate more discharging products in the composite skeleton.On the other hand,the thin MoS_(2)nanosheets could promote mass transportation to facilitate the revisable formation and decomposition of the Li2O2 during oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction,and the side reactions were also prevented,apparently due to their full coverage on the composite surfaces.As a result,the catalytic cathode loaded with 2H-MoS_(2)-modified nitrogen-doped hollow mesoporous carbon spheres exhibited excellent electrochemical performance in terms of large discharge-/charge-specific capacities with low overpotentials and extended cycling life,and they hold great promise for acting as the cathode catalyst for high-performance LOBs.
基金This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.61571296the National Key Research and Development Program of China under 2018YFF0214705.
文摘Due to increasing complexity, uncertainty and data dimensions in power systems, conventional methods often meet bottlenecks when attempting to solve decision and control prob- lems. Therefore, data-driven methods toward solving such prob- lems are being extensively studied. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) is one of these data-driven methods and is regarded as real artificial intelligence (AI). DRL is a combination of deep learning (DL) and reinforcement learning (RL). This field of research has been applied to solve a wide range of complex sequential decision-making problems, including those in power systems. This paper firstly reviews the basic ideas, models, algorithms and techniques of DRL. Applications in power systems such as energy management, demand response, electricity market, operational control, and others are then considered. In addition, recent advances in DRL including the combination of RL with other classical methods, and the prospect and challenges of applications in power systems are also discussed.
基金The authors thank Xueyan Fu for her advice on electromagnetic simulation using Computer Simulation Technology sofware.Te authors thank Yao Liu,Guohua Fan,Yunpeng Qu,and Yuliang Jiang for their advice for doing experiments and measurements.The authors acknowledge the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grants nos.51601105,51871146,and 51803119]the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(Grant no.2017QNRC001)the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission.
文摘Te mechanism of negative permittivity/permeability is still unclear in the random metamaterials,where the precise control of microstructure and electromagnetic properties is also a challenge due to its random characteristic.Here silver was introduced into porous SiO_(2) microsphere matrix by a self-assemble and template method to construct the random metamaterials.Te distribution of silver was restricted among the interstices of SiO_(2) microspheres,which lead to the precise regulation of electrical percolation(from hoping to Drude-type conductivity)with increasing silver content.Negative permittivity came from the plasma-like behavior of silver network,and its value and frequency dispersion were further adjusted by Lorentz-type dielectric response.During this process,the frequency of epsilon-near-zero(ENZ)could be adjusted accordingly.Negative permeability was well explained by the magnetic response of eddy current in silver micronetwork.Te calculation results indicated that negative permeability has a linear relation with ω^(0.5),showing a relaxation-type spectrum,diferent from the“magnetic plasma”of periodic metamaterials.Electromagnetic simulations demonstrated that negative permittivity materials and ENZ materials,with the advantage of enhanced absorption(40dB)and intelligent frequency selection even in a thin thickness(0.1 mm),could have potentials for electromagnetic attenuation and shielding.Tis work provides a clear physical image for the theoretical explanation of negative permittivity and negative permeability in random metamaterials,as well as a novel strategy to precisely control the microstructure of random metamaterials.
基金The authors acknowledge the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.61774020,51788104,51802023,61690195,61605015,61575028,51532004,and 51802021)the Science and Technology Plan of Shenzhen City(Grant No.JCYJ20180306173235924)the Ph.D.Student’s Short-Term Overseas Study and Exchange Program of BUPT.
文摘Electromagnetic waves carrying an orbital angular momentum (OAM) are of great interest. However, most OAM antennas presentdisadvantages such as a complicated structure, low efficiency, and large divergence angle, which prevents their practicalapplications. So far, there are few papers and research focuses on the problem of the divergence angle. Herein, a metasurfaceantenna is proposed to obtain the OAM beams with a small divergence angle. The circular arrangement and phase gradient wereused to simplify the structure of the metasurface and obtain the small divergence angle, respectively. The proposed metasurfaceantenna presents a high transmission coefficient and effectively decreases the divergence angle of the OAM beam. All thetheoretical analyses and derivation calculations were validated by both simulations and experiments. This compact structurepaves the way to generate OAM beams with a small divergence angle.
文摘Longitudinal twinning α-In2Se3 nanowires with the （10T 8） twin plane were synthesized to fabricate high performance single nanowire based photodetectors. As-synthesized a-In2Se3 nanowire exhibited typical n-type semiconducting behavior with an electron mobility of 23.1 cm2-V1. S-1 and a broadband spectral response from 300 to 1100 nm, covering the ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared （UV-visible-NIR） region. Besides, the fabricated device showed a high responsivity of 8.57 × 10^5 A·W^-1, high external quantum efficiency up to 8.8 × 107% and a high detectivity of 1.58 ×10^12 Jones under 600 nm light illumination at a basis of 3 V, which are much higher than previously reported In2Se3 nanostructures due to the interface defect effect of the twin plane. The results indicated that the longitudinal twinning α-In2Se3 nano- wires have immense potential for further applications in highly performance broadband photodetectors and other optoelectronic devices.
