Numerical Study on Effect of Non-uniform CMAS Penetration on TGO Growth and Interface Stress Behavior of APS TBCs

The penetration of CaO-MgO-Al_(2)O_(3)-SiO_(2)(CMAS)is one of the most significant factors that induce the failure of air-plasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings(APS TBCs).The direct penetration of CMAS changes the thermal/mechanical properties of the top coat(TC)layer,which affects the thermal mismatch stress behavior and the growth of thermally grown oxide(TGO)at the TC/bond coat(BC)interface,thereby resulting in a more complicated interface stress state.In the present study,a two-dimensional global model of APS TBCs with half of the TC layer penetrated by CMAS is established to investigate the effect of non-uniform CMAS penetration on the interface stress behavior.Subsequently,a local model extracted from the global model is established to investigate the effects of interface morphologies and CMAS penetration depth.The results show that non-uniform CMAS penetration causes non-uniform TGO growth in APS TBCs,which consequently causes the stress behavior to vary along the interface.Furthermore,the CMAS pen-etration depth imposes a significant effect on the TC/TGO interface stress behavior,whereas the interface roughness exerts a prominent effect on the stress level at the BC/TGO interface under CMAS penetration.This study reveals the mechanism associated with the effect of non-uniform CMAS penetration on the interface stress behavior in APS TBCSs.

Immunization coverage,knowledge,satisfaction,and associated factors of non-National Immunization Program vaccines among migrant and left-behind families in China:evidence from Zhejiang and Henan provinces

Background Migrant and left-behind families are vulnerable in health services utilization,but little is known about their disparities in immunization of non-National Immunization Program(NIP)vaccines.This study aims to evaluate the immunization coverage,knowledge,satisfaction,and associated factors of non-NIP vaccines among local and migrant families in the urban areas and non-left-behind and left-behind families in the rural areas of China.Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in urban areas of Zhejiang and rural areas of Henan in China.A total of 1648 caregivers of children aged 1-6 years were interviewed face-to-face by a pre-designed online questionnaire,and their families were grouped into four types:local urban,migrant,non-left-behind,and left-behind.Non-NIP vaccines includedHemophilus influenza b(Hib)vaccine,varicella vaccine,rotavirus vaccine,enterovirus 71 vaccine(EV71)and 13-valent pneumonia vaccine(PCV13).Log-binomial regression models were used to calculate prevalence ratios(PRs)and 95%confidence intervals(CIs)for the difference on immunization coverage of children,and knowledge and satisfaction of caregivers among families.The network models were conducted to explore the interplay of immunization coverage,knowledge,and satisfaction.Logistic regression models with odds ratios(ORs)and 95%CIs were used to estimate the associated factors of non-NIP vaccination.Results The immunization coverage of all non-NIP vaccines and knowledge of all items of local urban families was the highest,followed by migrant,non-left-behind and left-behind families.Compared with local urban children,thePRs(95%CIs)for getting all vaccinated were 0.65(0.52-0.81),0.29(0.22-0.37)and 0.14(0.09-0.21)among migrant children,non-left-behind children and left-behind children,respectively.The coverage-knowledge-satisfaction network model showed the core node was the satisfaction of vaccination schedule.Non-NIP vaccination was associated with characteristics of both children and caregivers,including age of children(>2 years-OR:1.69,95%CI:1.07-2.68 for local urban children;2.67,1.39-5.13 for migrant children;3.09,1.23-7.76 for non-left-behind children);and below caregivers’characteristics:family role(parents:0.37,0.14-0.99 for non-left-behind children),age(≤35 years:7.27,1.39-37.94 for non-left-behind children),sex(female:0.49,0.30-0.81 for local urban children;0.31,0.15-0.62 for non-left-behind children),physical health(more than average:1.58,1.07-2.35 for local urban children)and non-NIP vaccines knowledge(good:0.45,0.30-0.68 for local urban children;7.54,2.64-21.50 for left-behind children).Conclusions There were immunization disparities in non-NIP vaccines among migrant and left-behind families compared with their local counterparts.Non-NIP vaccination promotion strategies,including education on caregivers,and optimization of the immunization information system,should be delivered particularly among left-behind and migrant families.

Unhealthy Eating Behaviors During Pregnancy and Gestational Weight Gain—Huai’an City,Jiangsu Province,China,2020–2021

Summary What is already known about this topic?Maintaining a healthy diet and appropriate weight during pregnancy is crucial for both the expectant mother and the fetus.Unhealthy eating behaviors(UEBs)such as eating out frequently are becoming increasingly prevalent across the globe.However,there is a dearth of research investigating the relationship between UEBs and gestational weight gain(GWG)specifically in the context of Chinese women.