Erratum to:Yin,Z.H.,P.X.Dai,and J.Nie,2021:A two-plume convective model for precipitation extremes.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,38(6),957−965,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-021-0404-8.
In the study of diagnosing climate simulations and understanding the dynamics of precipitation extremes,it is an essential step to adopt a simple model to relate water vapor condensation and precipitation,which occur ...In the study of diagnosing climate simulations and understanding the dynamics of precipitation extremes,it is an essential step to adopt a simple model to relate water vapor condensation and precipitation,which occur at cloudmicrophysical and convective scales,to large-scale variables.Several simple models have been proposed;however,improvement is still needed in both their accuracy and/or the physical basis.Here,we propose a two-plume convective model that takes into account the subgrid inhomogeneity of precipitation extremes.The convective model has three components,i.e.,cloud condensation,rain evaporation,and environmental descent,and is built upon the zero-buoyancy approximation and guidance from the high-resolution reanalysis.Evaluated against the CMIP5 climate simulations,the convective model shows large improvements in reproducing precipitation extremes compared to previously proposed models.Thus,the two-plume convective model better captures the main physical processes and serves as a useful diagnostic tool for precipitation extremes.展开更多
Due to heavy energy consumption and low technical efficiency, China＇s iron and steel industry is trapped in the dilemma ＂large but not strong＂. This situation not only exerts enormous pressure on energy security bu...Due to heavy energy consumption and low technical efficiency, China＇s iron and steel industry is trapped in the dilemma ＂large but not strong＂. This situation not only exerts enormous pressure on energy security but also on increased carbon emission and environmental pollution. The contribution of this study is to calculate the energy and environment efficiency of China＇s iron and steel industry and to analyze the factors affecting this efficiency. An index of energy and environment efficiency is introduced based on Directional Slacks-based Distance Measure Model. This index is adopted to measure the energy and environment efficiency of China＇s iron and steel industry using 2,382 firm observations during 2001 to 2005. In addition, Hierarchy Linear Model （HLM） is applied to analyze the factors which can influence the efficiency with both firm-level and province-level data. The conclusions are as follows： The energy and environment efficiency of China＇s iron and steel industry did not have a significant change during the research period. A firm＇s age, size, ownership, product category and the economy of its province have significant influence on its energy and environment efficiency.展开更多
文摘Erratum to:Yin,Z.H.,P.X.Dai,and J.Nie,2021:A two-plume convective model for precipitation extremes.Adv.Atmos.Sci.,38(6),957−965,https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-021-0404-8.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant nos.41875050 and 42075146).
文摘In the study of diagnosing climate simulations and understanding the dynamics of precipitation extremes,it is an essential step to adopt a simple model to relate water vapor condensation and precipitation,which occur at cloudmicrophysical and convective scales,to large-scale variables.Several simple models have been proposed;however,improvement is still needed in both their accuracy and/or the physical basis.Here,we propose a two-plume convective model that takes into account the subgrid inhomogeneity of precipitation extremes.The convective model has three components,i.e.,cloud condensation,rain evaporation,and environmental descent,and is built upon the zero-buoyancy approximation and guidance from the high-resolution reanalysis.Evaluated against the CMIP5 climate simulations,the convective model shows large improvements in reproducing precipitation extremes compared to previously proposed models.Thus,the two-plume convective model better captures the main physical processes and serves as a useful diagnostic tool for precipitation extremes.
文摘Due to heavy energy consumption and low technical efficiency, China＇s iron and steel industry is trapped in the dilemma ＂large but not strong＂. This situation not only exerts enormous pressure on energy security but also on increased carbon emission and environmental pollution. The contribution of this study is to calculate the energy and environment efficiency of China＇s iron and steel industry and to analyze the factors affecting this efficiency. An index of energy and environment efficiency is introduced based on Directional Slacks-based Distance Measure Model. This index is adopted to measure the energy and environment efficiency of China＇s iron and steel industry using 2,382 firm observations during 2001 to 2005. In addition, Hierarchy Linear Model （HLM） is applied to analyze the factors which can influence the efficiency with both firm-level and province-level data. The conclusions are as follows： The energy and environment efficiency of China＇s iron and steel industry did not have a significant change during the research period. A firm＇s age, size, ownership, product category and the economy of its province have significant influence on its energy and environment efficiency.
