Epistasis-aware genome-wide association studies provide insights into the efficient breeding of high-yield and high-quality rice

Marker-assisted selection(MAS)and genomic selection(GS)breeding have greatly improved the efficiency of rice breeding.Due to the influences of epistasis and gene pleiotropy,ensuring the actual breeding effect of MAS and GS is still a difficult challenge to overcome.In this study,113 indica rice varieties(V)and their 565 testcross hybrids(TC)were used as the materials to investigate the genetic basis of 12 quality traits and nine agronomic traits.The original traits and general combining ability of the parents,as well as the original traits and midparent heterosis of TC,were subjected to genome-wide association analysis.In total,381 primary significantly associated loci(SAL)and 1,759 secondary SALs that had epistatic interactions with these primary SALs were detected.Among these loci,322 candidate genes located within or nearby the SALs were screened,204 of which were cloned genes.A total of 39 MAS molecular modules that are beneficial for trait improvement were identified by pyramiding the superior haplotypes of candidate genes and desirable epistatic alleles of the secondary SALs.All the SALs were used to construct genetic networks,in which 91 pleiotropic loci were investigated.Additionally,we estimated the accuracy of genomic prediction in the parent V and TC by incorporating either no SALs,primary SALs,secondary SALs or epistatic effect SALs as covariates.Although the prediction accuracies of the four models were generally not significantly different in the TC dataset,the incorporation of primary SALs,secondary SALs,and epistatic effect SALs significantly improved the prediction accuracies of 5(26%),3(16%),and 11(58%)traits in the V dataset,respectively.These results suggested that SALs and epistatic effect SALs identified based on an additive genotype can provide considerable predictive power for the parental lines.They also provide insights into the genetic basis of complex traits and valuable information for molecular breeding in rice.

Magnetic diagnostics layout design for CFETR plasma equilibrium reconstruction

Plasma equilibrium reconstruction provides essential information for tokamak operation and physical analysis.An extensive and reliable set of magnetic diagnostics is required to obtain accurate plasma equilibrium.This study designs and optimizes the magnetic diagnostics layout for the reconstruction of the equilibrium of the plasma according to the scientific objectives,engineering design parameters,and limitations of the Chinese Fusion Engineering Test Reactor(CFETR).Based on the CFETR discharge simulation,magnetic measurement data are employed to reconstruct consistent plasma equilibrium parameters,and magnetic diagnostics'number and position are optimized by truncated Singular value decomposition,verifying the redundancy reliability of the magnetic diagnostics layout design.This provides a design solution for the layout of the magnetic diagnostics system required to control the plasma equilibrium of CFETR,and the developed design and optimization method can provide effective support to design magnetic diagnostics systems for future magnetic confinement fusion devices.

Plasma current tomography for HL-2A based on Bayesian inference

An accurate plasma current profile has irreplaceable value for the steady-state operation of the plasma.In this study,plasma current tomography based on Bayesian inference is applied to an HL-2A device and used to reconstruct the plasma current profile.Two different Bayesian probability priors are tried,namely the Conditional Auto Regressive(CAR)prior and the Advanced Squared Exponential(ASE)kernel prior.Compared to the CAR prior,the ASE kernel prior adopts nonstationary hyperparameters and introduces the current profile of the reference discharge into the hyperparameters,which can make the shape of the current profile more flexible in space.The results indicate that the ASE prior couples more information,reduces the probability of unreasonable solutions,and achieves higher reconstruction accuracy.

Tomography of emissivity for Doppler coherence imaging spectroscopy diagnostic in HL-2A

A newly developed Doppler coherence imaging spectroscopy(CIS)technique has been implemented in the HL-2 A tokamak for carbon impurity emissivity and flow measurement.In CIS diagnostics,the emissivity and flow profiles inside the plasma are measured by a camera from the line-integrated emissivity and line-averaged flow,respectively.A standard inference method,called tomographic inversion,is necessary.Such an inversion is relatively challenging due to the ill-conditioned nature.In this article,we report the recent application and comparison of two different tomography algorithms,Gaussian process tomography and Tikhonov tomography,on light intensity measured by CIS,including feasibility and benchmark studies.Finally,the tomographic results for real measurement data in HL-2A are presented.

Integrated data analysis on the electron temperature profile of HL-2A with the Bayesian probability inference method

Data analysis on tokamak plasmas is mainly based on various diagnostic systems,which are usually modularized and independent of each other.This leads to a large amount of data not being fully and effectively exploited so that it is not conducive to revealing the deep physical mechanism.In this work,Bayesian probability inference with machine learning methods have been applied to the electron cyclotron emission and Thomson scattering diagnostic systems on HL-2A/2M,and the effects of integrated data analysis(IDA)on the electron temperature of HL-2A with Bayesian probability inference are demonstrated.A program is developed to infer the whole electron temperature profile with a confidence interval,and the program can be applied in online analysis.The IDA results show that the full profile of the electron temperature can be obtained and the diagnostic information is more comprehensive and abundant with IDA.The inference models for electron temperature analysis are established and the developed programs will serve as an experimental data analysis tool for HL-2A/2M in the near future.

轻钢框架-网格墙结构施工关键技术及抗侧性能研究

随着新型城镇化的推进,装配式钢结构建筑比例逐年提高,但是现有钢结构体系用于村镇建筑时存在着住宅品质不优、构件标准化程度低、运输安装不便、建造质量低下、污染及浪费严重等问题,亟需研发低成本、易安装、生态化的村镇装配式住宅轻钢结构体系以及相应的建造技术。轻钢框架-网格墙结构不仅具有抗震性能优良、构件轻便、易于运输的优点,而且节点可采用完全装配式的螺栓连接或自攻螺钉连接,施工安装简便。为了研究这种结构形式的简易施工关键技术以及抗侧性能,建造了一栋采用全螺钉连接的轻钢框架-钢、木、竹网格墙混合结构体系的单层房屋,并对其进行了原位试验。以该工程中的一榀轻钢框架-网格墙为例,从柱脚、基础、框架安装、钢网格墙安装、墙板安装等方面阐述轻钢框架-网格墙的简易施工建造技术,并通过原位静力试验得到了其抗侧性能。研究表明,这种轻钢框架-网格墙易于安装,能够节省人力物力,适于在村镇地区推广应用,且采用该建造技术完成的轻钢框架-网格墙结构的抗侧性能能够满足设计要求。