Stability of dimensionally stable anode for chlorine evolution reaction

Chlorine(Cl2)is one of the most important chemicals produced by the electrolysis of brine solutions and is a key raw material for many areas of industrial chemistry.For nearly half a century,dimensionally stable anode(DSA)made from a mixture of RuO_(2) and TiO_(2) solid oxides coated on Ti substrate has been the most widely used electrode for chlorine evolution reaction(CER).In harsh operating environments,the stability of DSAs remains a major challenge greatly affecting their lifetime.The deactivation of DSAs significantly increases the cost of the chlor-alkali industry due to the corrosion of Ru and the formation of the passivation layer TiO_(2).Therefore,it is urgent to develop catalysts with higher activity and stability,which requires a thorough understanding of the deactivation mechanism of DSA catalysts.This paper reviews existing references on the deactivation mechanisms of DSA catalysts,including both experimental and theoretical studies.Studies on how CER selectivity affects electrode stability are also discussed.Furthermore,studies on the effects of the preparation process,elemental composition,and surface/interface structures on the DSA stability and corresponding improvement strategies are summarized.The development of other non-DSA-type catalysts with comparable stability is also reviewed,and future opportunities in this exciting field are also outlined.

High ownership concentration and exporting of emerging market firms： evidence from Peru

Despite the extraordinarily high ownership concentration widely observed in emerging market firms as a result of institutional voids, there is little research on how this high ownership concentration affects the exporting behavior of emerging market firms. From principal-agent and institutional perspectives, we hypothesize that high ownership concentration has a negative relationship with export intensity, because, in emerging markets, highly concentrated ownership bridges the interests of owners （principals） and managers （agents） so that principals must be prudent in exploring risky international markets. Moreover, we hypothesize that export country diversification strengthens the relationship between ownership concentration and export intensity, because broad geographic dispersion increases risk exposure and principal-agent problems. Empirical analysis based on a panel dataset for publicly listed firms in Peru from 2005 to 2014 supports the hypotheses. The study highlights the risk aversion attitude activated by ownership concentration, an attitude that protects emerging market firms from overconfidently exploring international business opportunities. The study extends the conventional literature on the interface between ownership concentration and international business in an emerging market context. We also discuss the generalizability of the findings to other emerging markets, e.g. China.

Hierarchical Linear Modeling in International Marketing Research： A Review with an Application on Innovation and Export in China

While much of international marketing research involves two or more levels, limited work in the international marketing literature uses hierarchical linear modeling to examine different level effects. This study conducts a thorough literature review on hierarchical linear modeling （HLM） in 28 international marketing papers that employed HLM from 2005-2014 and evaluates the use of HLM in these papers on the objects, operating levels, and other issues. We call for more applications of HLM in international marketing research, particularly for research on emerging markets with significant sub-national and institutional variations. The paper provides an illustrative empirical study that employs HLM to test the moderating role of industry-level government subsidies in the relationship between firm innovation and exporter performance in China.