The IDD Transcription Factors:Their Functions in Plant Development and Environmental Response

INDETERMINATE-DOMAIN proteins(IDDs)are a plant-specific transcription factor family characterized by a conserved ID domain with four zinc finger motifs.Previous studies have demonstrated that IDDs coordinate a diversity of physiological processes and functions in plant growth and development,including floral transition,plant architecture,seed and root development,and hormone signaling.In this review,we especially summarized the latest knowledge on the functions and working models of IDD members in Arabidopsis,rice,and maize,particularly focusing on their role in the regulatory network of biotic and abiotic environmental responses,such as gravity,temperature,water,and pathogens.Understanding these mechanisms underlying the function of IDD proteins in these processes is important for improving crop yields by manipulating their activity.Overall,the review offers valuable insights into the functions and mechanisms of IDD proteins in plants,providing a foundation for further research and potential applications in agriculture.

Betula platyphylla BpH0 X2 transcription factor binds to different cis_acting elements and confers osmotic tolerance

The homeodomain-leucine zipper(HD-Zip)proteins play crucial roles in plant developmental and environmental responses.However,how they mediate gene expression to facilitate abiotic stress tolerance remains unknown.In the present study,we characterized BpHOX2(encoding a HD-Zip I family protein)from birch(Betula platyphylla).BpHOX2 is predominately expressed in mature stems and leaves,but expressed at a low level in apical buds and roots,suggesting that it has tissue-specific characteristics.BpHOX2 expression was highly induced by osmotic and salt,but only slightly induced by abscisic acid.Overexpression of BpHOX2 markedly improved osmotic tolerance,while knockdown of BpHOX2 increased sensitivity to osmotic stress.BpHOX2 could induce the expression of pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase,peroxidase,and superoxide dismutase genes to improve proline levels and the reactive oxygen species scavenging capability.Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing combined with RNA sequencing showed that BpHOX2 could bind to at least four cis-acting elements,including dehydrationresponsive element“RCCGAC”,Myb-p binding box“CCWACC,”and two novel cis-acting elements with the sequences of“AAGAAG”and“TACGTG”(termed HBS1 and HBS2,respectively)to regulate gene expression.Our results suggested that BpHOX2 is a transcription factor that binds to different cis-acting elements to regulate gene expression,ultimately improving osmotic tolerance in birch.