Inhalation of taraxasterol loaded mixed micelles for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis(IPF)is a chronic and fatal lung disease characterized by pulmonary inflam-mation,oxidative stress,and excessive extracellular matrix(ECM)deposition.Current anti-fibrotic drugs for IPF treatment in the clinic lack selectivity and demonstrate unsatisfactory efficacy,highlighting the urgent necessity for a novel therapeutic strategy.Taraxasterol(TA),which has biological activities against lung injury induced by various factors,is a potential anti-IPF drug due to its anti-inflammatory,antiox-idant and lung-protective effects.However,the protective effect of TA on IPF has not been confirmed,and its clinical application is limited due to its poor aqueous solubility.In this study,we demonstrated that TA could inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT)and migration of A549 cells by inhibiting the transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)/Smad signaling pathway.To improve the aqueous solubility and pulmonary administration performance of TA,we prepared TA loaded methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(d,l-lactide)(mPEG-PLA)/d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate(TPGS)mixed polymeric mi-celles(TA-PM).Then a MicroSprayer^(R) Aerosolizer was used to deliver TA-PM once every two days for three weeks to evaluate their therapeutic effects on bleomycin(BLM)-induced IPF mice.Our results demonstrated that inhaled TA-PM significantly inhibited BLM-induced inflammation,oxidative stress and fibrosis in lung tissue.Furthermore,TA-PM exhibited high pulmonary deposition and retention by pul-monary administration,along with a favorable safety profile.Overall,this study emphasizes the potential of inhaled TA-PM as a promising treatment for IPF,providing a new opportunity for their clinical appli-cation.