Efficient and effective Bayesian network local structure learning

In this paper, we propose a more efficient Bayesian network structure learning algorithm under the framework of score based local learning （SLL）. Our algorithm significantly improves computational efficiency by restricting the neighbors of each variable to a small subset of candidates and storing necessary information to uncover the spouses, at the same time guaranteeing to find the optimal neighbor set in the same sense as SLL. The algorithm is the- oretically sound in the sense that it is optimal in the limit of large sample size. Empirical results testify its improved speed without loss of quality in the learned structures.

CNS Organoid Surpasses Cell-Laden Microgel Assembly to Promote Spinal Cord Injury Repair

The choice of therapeutic agents remains an unsolved issue in the repair of spinal cord injury.In this work,various agents and configurations were investigated and compared for their performance in promoting nerve regeneration,including bead assembly and bulk gel of collagen and Matrigel,under acellular and cell-laden conditions,and cerebral organoid(CO)as the in vitro preorganized agent.First,in Matrigel-based agents and the CO transplantations,the recipient animal gained more axon regeneration and the higher Basso,Beattie,and Bresnahan(BBB)scoring than the grafted collagen gels.Second,new nerves more uniformly infiltrated into the transplants in bead form assembly than the molded chunks.Third,the materials loaded the neural progenitor cells(NPCs)or the CO implantation groups received more regenerated nerve fibers than their acellular counterparts,suggesting the necessity to transplant exogenous cells for large trauma(e.g.,a 5 mm long spinal cord transect).In addition,the activated microglial cells might benefit from neural regeneration after receiving CO transplantation in the recipient animals.The organoid augmentation may suggest that in vitro maturation of a microtissue complex is necessary before transplantation and proposes organoids as the premium therapeutic agents for nerve regeneration.

Extracellular scaffold design for ultra-soft microtissue engineering

Soft and ultra-soft extracellular scaffolds constitute a major fraction of most human internal organs,except for the skeletal system.Modelling these organs in vitro requires a comprehensive understanding of their native scaffolding materials and proper engineering approaches to manufacture tissue architectures with microscale precision.This review focuses on the properties of soft and ultra-soft scaffolds,including their interactions with cells,mechanical properties(e.g.viscoelasticity),and existing microtissue engineering techniques.It also summarises challenges presented by the conflict between the properties of the materials demanded by cell behaviours and the capacities of engineering techniques.It proposes that leveraging the engineering ability of soft and ultra-soft scaffolds will promote therapeutic advances and regenerative medicine.