Crop residue burning in China (2019-2021): Spatiotemporal patterns, environmental impact, and emission dynamics

Crop residue burning(CRB)is a major contributor to air pollution in China.Current fire detection methods,however,are limited by either temporal resolution or accuracy,hindering the analysis of CRB's diurnal characteristics.Here we explore the diurnal spatiotemporal patterns and environmental impacts of CRB in China from 2019 to 2021 using the recently released NSMC-Himawari-8 hourly fire product.Our analysis identifies a decreasing directionality in CRB distribution in the Northeast and a notable southward shift of the CRB center,especially in winter,averaging an annual southward movement of 7.5.Additionally,we observe a pronounced skewed distribution in daily CRB,predominantly between 17:00 and 20:00.Notably,nighttime CRB in China for the years 2019,2020,and 2021 accounted for 51.9%,48.5%,and 38.0%respectively,underscoring its significant environmental impact.The study further quantifies the hourly emissions from CRB in China over this period,with total emissions of CO,PM10,and PM_(2.5) amounting to 12,236,2,530,and 2,258 Gg,respectively.Our findings also reveal variable lag effects of CRB on regional air quality and pollutants across different seasons,with the strongest impacts in spring and more immediate effects in late autumn.This research provides valuable insights for the regulation and control of diurnal CRB before and after large-scale agricultural activities in China,as well as the associated haze and other pollution weather conditions it causes.

Combined Effect of Outdoor Time and Other Modifiable Factors on Myopia Incidence Among Children and Adolescents—9 PLADs,China,2020

Summary What is already known about this topic?Myopia has been identified as a significant emerging challenge and policy priority among children and adolescents in China by the Ministry of Education and seven other departments.Limited research has been conducted to investigate the collective impact of outdoor time and other modifiable factors on the incidence of myopia.

Mechanosensitive Ion Channel TMEM63A Gangs Up with Local Macrophages to Modulate Chronic Post-amputation Pain

Post-amputation pain causes great sufering to amputees,but still no efective drugs are available due to its elusive mechanisms.Our previous clinical studies found that surgical removal or radiofrequency treatment of the neuroma at the axotomized nerve stump efectively relieves the phantom pain aficting patients after amputation.This indicated an essential role of the residual nerve stump in the formation of chronic post-amputation pain(CPAP).However,the molecular mechanism by which the residual nerve stump or neuroma is involved and regulates CPAP is still a mystery.In this study,we found that nociceptors expressed the mechanosensitive ion channel TMEM63A and macrophages infltrated into the dorsal root ganglion(DRG)neurons worked synergistically to promote CPAP.Histology and qRT-PCR showed that TMEM63A was mainly expressed in mechanical pain-producing non-peptidergic nociceptors in the DRG,and the expression of TMEM63A increased signifcantly both in the neuroma from amputated patients and the DRG in a mouse model of tibial nerve transfer(TNT).Behavioral tests showed that the mechanical,heat,and cold sensitivity were not afected in the Tmem63a-/-mice in the naïve state,suggesting the basal pain was not afected.In the infammatory and post-amputation state,the mechanical allodynia but not the heat hyperalgesia or cold allodynia was signifcantly decreased in Tmem63a-/-mice.Further study showed that there was severe neuronal injury and macrophage infltration in the DRG,tibial nerve,residual stump,and the neuromalike structure of the TNT mouse model,Consistent with this,expression of the pro-infammatory cytokines TNFα,IL-6,and IL-1βall increased dramatically in the DRG.Interestingly,the deletion of Tmem63a signifcantly reduced the macrophage infltration in the DRG but not in the tibial nerve stump.Furthermore,the ablation of macrophages signifcantly reduced both the expression of Tmem63a and the mechanical allodynia in the TNT mouse model,indicating an interaction between nociceptors and macrophages,and that these two factors gang up together to regulate the formation of CPAP.This provides a new insight into the mechanisms underlying CPAP and potential drug targets its treatment.

Tunable Atomic-Scale Steps and Cavities Break Both Stability and Activity Limits of CoO_(x) Nanosheets to Catalyze Oxygen Evolution

A highly active interface can enhance the catalytic efficiency of catalysts toward the oxygen evolution reaction(OER).However,accurately tuning their atomic interface configurations of defects with sufficient activity and stability remains a grand challenge.Herein,we report on breaking the activity and stability limits of CoO_(x) nanosheets in the OER process by constructing copious high-energy atomic steps and cavities,in which S or Ce atoms simultaneously replace O or Co atoms from CoO_(x),thus achieving high-energy atomic interface Ce,O-Co_(3)S_(4) nanosheets.By combining in situ characterization and density functional theory calculations,it is shown that the unique orbital coupling between Ce-4f,O(S)-2p,and Co-3d causes it to be closer to the Fermi level,leading to faster charge transfer capability.More importantly,the novel structure breaks the stability limit of cobalt sulfide with planar defects,which gives high catalytic activity and stability in 0.1 M KOH solutions,better than commercial RuO_(2) and IrO_(2) noble metal catalysts.As expected,Ce,O-Co_(3)S_(4) possesses much better turnover frequency activity(0.064 s^(-1))at an overpotential of 300 mV,which is ~7 times larger than that of Ce-CoO_(x)(0.009 s^(-1)).Our work presents a new perspective of designing catalysts with atomically dispersed orbital electronic coupling defects toward efficient OER electrocatalysis.

Association Between Combinations of 24-Hour Movement Behaviors and Depression Among Adolescents—Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,China,2019–2021

Summary What is already known about this topic?In recent years,there has been growing concern regarding the escalating rates of depression among adolescents.While certain individual behaviors have been suggested as potential protective factors for mental health,there is a scarcity of research examining the collective influence of 24-hour movement behaviors.

Temporally or spatially?Causation inference in Earth System Sciences

The discovery of cause–effect relationships helps to understand the natural or physical mechanism[1].Causation inference is a key issue in many disciplines and has a long study history,especially in statistics,social,and biomedical sciences[2].In Earth System Sciences,the cause–effect relationship also plays a fundamental role and has drawn increasing interests.However,for spatially large-scale research,it is not feasible to design and conduct con-trolled experiments to reveal the cause–effect relationships.There-fore,causation inference from time series data has been frequently employed,under the assumption that the cause precedes the effect[3].While the temporal inference works effectively to identify most causation between variables,limitations remain.If the time series is not long enough to catch significant changes of causes and effects,some important cause–effect relationships may be neglected.This limitation is highlighted in Earth System Sciences,as the evolution of global changes may take an extreme long period to present discernible variations.For instance.

Photocatalytic decarboxylative coupling between α-oxocarboxylicacids and alkenes

Photocatalytic decarboxylative cross-coupling which achieves the derivatization of widespread organic acids has become a hot topic in organic synthesis.As special acids,α-oxocarboxylicacids show the great potential in running decarboxylation to construct ketone derivatives.In this article,we have developed a photocatalytic decarboxylative cross-coupling ofα-oxocarboxylic acids and olefins to the synthesis of diverse aryl ketones.Various alkenes andα-oxocarboxylicacids were compatible,generating the desired products in up to 90%yield.Preliminary mechanism studies suggest that a free radical pathway is involved in this process.

Applications of Deep Learning to MRI Images:A Survey

Deep learning provides exciting solutions in many fields, such as image analysis, natural language processing, and expert system, and is seen as a key method for various future applications. On account of its non-invasive and good soft tissue contrast, in recent years, Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI) has been attracting increasing attention. With the development of deep learning, many innovative deep learning methods have been proposed to improve MRI image processing and analysis performance. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of deep learning-based MRI image processing and analysis. First, a brief introduction of deep learning and imaging modalities of MRI images is given. Then, common deep learning architectures are introduced. Next, deep learning applications of MRI images, such as image detection, image registration, image segmentation, and image classification are discussed. Subsequently, the advantages and weaknesses of several common tools are discussed, and several deep learning tools in the applications of MRI images are presented.Finally, an objective assessment of deep learning in MRI applications is presented, and future developments and trends with regard to deep learning for MRI images are addressed.

Radical–Radical Cross-Coupling Assisted N–S Bond Formation Using Alternating Current Protocol

Alternating current(AC)electrolysis is a promising,yet challenging,and under-developed protocol in organic synthesis.To achieve as high an atomefficiency as possible and avoid the use of external oxidant,electrochemistry has become a standard organic synthesis tool.Herein,an AC-basedprotocol is a superior option than its counterpart,direct current(DC),especially for those reactions that cannot be accomplished by DC.