Comparative in vitro Study of the biological activity and chemical composition extracts of Helicteres isora L. obtained by water and subcritical water extraction

Objectives:Subcritical water extraction technique is considered as an environmentally extraction technique.The aim of this study was to compare the different characteristics of water extract and subcritical water extract of Helicteres isora L.Materials and Methods:Water extraction was performed under the following conditions:25℃,24 h,and solid-to-water ratio 1:30.Subcritical water extract was carried out under specific conditions(pressure=10 bar,temperature=160℃,solid-to-water ratio=1:30,time=30 min).Chemical composition analysis was performed using GC-Mass chromatography.Anti-biofilm activity in the terms of anti-attach and removal of biofilm were assessed using the ELISA reader method and reading absorbance at 570 nm.Anti-microbial activity against Bacillus cereus,Staphylococcus aureus,Staphylococcus saprophyticus,and Bacillus subtilis was investigated by measurement of inhibitory zone diameter.Anti-enzymatic and antioxidant properties were also assessed.Results:The results of GC-Mass analysis showed some components extracted in subcritical method which were absent in water extract such as octadecanoic acid,hexadecanoic acid,and berberin.Antioxidant activity of the two tested extracts revealed that subcritical water extract had more antioxidant capacity than water extract(P≤0.05).The two tested extracts exhibited anti-enzymatic activity against polyphenol oxidase enzyme with better performance of subcritical water extract.Anti-biofilm activity of the two extracts implies that,in the case of preventing biofilm formation,both extracts had similar efficiency but in the removal of biofilm,subcritical water extract showed better performance.Both extracts had anti-microbial activity against B.cereus,S.aureus,S.saprophyticus,and B.subtilis with better performance of subcritical water extract.Anti-enzymatic assay also showed similar results.Conclusions:Subcritical water extract of H.isora showed more antioxidant activity as well as anti-biofilm,anti-bacterial,and anti-enzymatic activity rather than ordinary water extract.

The antioxidant and physicochemical properties of microencapsulated bioactive compounds in Securigera securidaca(L.)seed extract by co-crystallization

Securigera securidaca seed is a good source of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant properties.Preservation and maintenance of natural antioxidants have always been a challenge and microencapsulation is a suitable method for this purpose.In this study,the chemical compounds of the plant seed extract were identified by GC/MS device.Bioactive compounds from the seed ethanolic extract were microencapsulated in the sucrose matrix during the co-crystallization process.The evaluations included total phenolic compounds,radical scavenging ability,production efficiency,moisture content,and flowability characteristics of the produced powders,such as compressibility index,Hausner ratio,and angle of repose.The results showed significant differences in the phenolic compounds and the radical scavenging ability between the control sample and the co-crystallized powder(P<0.05).The production efficiency and the moisture content of extract-containing co-crystallized powder were 84%and 0.14%,respectively.The particle size difference of the microencapsulated powder could significantly affect the powder flowability characteristics(P<0.05),and particles with a size of 1 mm showed better flowability behaviour.FT-IR charts for samples revealed chemical bonds specific to saccharose molecule indicating no changes in covalent bonds present in saccharose molecule structure after the process.Scanning electron microscope images showed the presence of vacant spaces and porosity in the structure of saccharose crystals formed during the process of crystallization.As a result,the co-crystallized powder obtained from the plant extract can be used as an appropriate antioxidant in the food and pharmaceutical formulations.