Intracranial pressure(ICP)is one of the most important indexes in neurosurgery.It is essential for doctors to determine the numeric value and changes of ICP,whether before or after an operation.Although external ventr...Intracranial pressure(ICP)is one of the most important indexes in neurosurgery.It is essential for doctors to determine the numeric value and changes of ICP,whether before or after an operation.Although external ventricular drainage(EVD)is the gold standard for monitoring ICP,more and more novel monitoring methods are being applied clinically.Invasive wired ICP monitoring is still the most commonly used in practice.Meanwhile,with the rise and development of various novel technologies,non-invasive types and invasive wireless types are gradually being used clinically or in the testing phase,as a complimentary approach of ICP management.By choosing appropriate monitoring methods,clinical neurosurgeons are able to obtain ICP values safely and effectively under particular conditions.This article introduces diverse monitoring methods and compares the advantages and disadvantages of different monitoring methods.Moreover,this review may enable clinical neurosurgeons to have a broader view of ICP monitoring.展开更多
Autophagy is an intracellular degenerative pathway which is responsible for neuronal survival. Under the condition of nutrient deprivation, autophagy can lead to dysfunction in memory consolidation. AMPK/mTOR pathway ...Autophagy is an intracellular degenerative pathway which is responsible for neuronal survival. Under the condition of nutrient deprivation, autophagy can lead to dysfunction in memory consolidation. AMPK/mTOR pathway is currently the most studied autophagy mechanism, while recently researchers have proved ACSS2 can also affect autophagy. ACSS2 is phosphorylated at Ser659 by AMPK and then forms a translocation complex with Importin α5 to translocate into the nucleus. This process interacts with TFEB, resulting in upregulated expression of lysosomal and autophagosomal genes. These upregulations inhibit synaptic plasticity and hence memory functions. On the other hand, ACSS2 is also recognized as a regulator of histone acetylation. After recruiting CBP/p300 and activating CBP's HAT activity in the nucleus, ACSS2 maintains the level of localized histone acetylation by recapturing acetate from histone deacetylation to reform acetyl-CoA, providing substrates for HAT. The increase of histone acetylation locally enhanced immediate early gene transcription, including Egr2, Fos, Nr2f2, Sgk1, and Arc, to benefit neuronal plasticity and memory in many ways.展开更多
文摘Intracranial pressure(ICP)is one of the most important indexes in neurosurgery.It is essential for doctors to determine the numeric value and changes of ICP,whether before or after an operation.Although external ventricular drainage(EVD)is the gold standard for monitoring ICP,more and more novel monitoring methods are being applied clinically.Invasive wired ICP monitoring is still the most commonly used in practice.Meanwhile,with the rise and development of various novel technologies,non-invasive types and invasive wireless types are gradually being used clinically or in the testing phase,as a complimentary approach of ICP management.By choosing appropriate monitoring methods,clinical neurosurgeons are able to obtain ICP values safely and effectively under particular conditions.This article introduces diverse monitoring methods and compares the advantages and disadvantages of different monitoring methods.Moreover,this review may enable clinical neurosurgeons to have a broader view of ICP monitoring.
文摘Autophagy is an intracellular degenerative pathway which is responsible for neuronal survival. Under the condition of nutrient deprivation, autophagy can lead to dysfunction in memory consolidation. AMPK/mTOR pathway is currently the most studied autophagy mechanism, while recently researchers have proved ACSS2 can also affect autophagy. ACSS2 is phosphorylated at Ser659 by AMPK and then forms a translocation complex with Importin α5 to translocate into the nucleus. This process interacts with TFEB, resulting in upregulated expression of lysosomal and autophagosomal genes. These upregulations inhibit synaptic plasticity and hence memory functions. On the other hand, ACSS2 is also recognized as a regulator of histone acetylation. After recruiting CBP/p300 and activating CBP's HAT activity in the nucleus, ACSS2 maintains the level of localized histone acetylation by recapturing acetate from histone deacetylation to reform acetyl-CoA, providing substrates for HAT. The increase of histone acetylation locally enhanced immediate early gene transcription, including Egr2, Fos, Nr2f2, Sgk1, and Arc, to benefit neuronal plasticity and memory in many ways.
