Gender differences in cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease(CVD)is one of the leading causes of death worldwide.Although the incidence of CVD in women is usually lower than in men,women have a higher mortality and worse prognosis after acute cardiovascular events.These gender differences exist in various CVDs,including coronary heart disease,stroke,heart failure and aortic diseases.These gender differences have caused widespread concerns and the consideration of gender differences is of great importance for the prevention,diagnosis,treatment and management of CVD.This review aims to provide an overview of gender-related differences in several typical CVDs and to list and to analyze the possible causes associated with the differences,in order to highlight the necessity of taking into account gender differences in determination of the cardiovascular risk profile.Future research can focus on how to define and add gender-related indicators to current risk assessment and management strategies.

A proposed design of flow diverter and it’s hemodynamic validation

Flow diverter intervention is a cutting-edge treatment for intracranial aneurysms by altering the flow field and reducing the pressure in the aneurysm sac.However,the rupture rate and complications rate are still high.In this study,a new design of flow diverter based on Bernoulli’s equation was proposed and hemodynamics evaluation of it was conducted.The numerical model of a patient specific internal carotid aneurysm was established based on computed tomography scan images(Model C).The aneurysm models with normal diverter(ND)and local stenosed diverter(LSD)were modified from the patient-specific model.The blood flow characteristics were obtained and analyzed by numerical simulation while the in vitro experiments were conducted using three-dimensional printed silicone models and pressure measurement system.In both ND and LSD models,the blood flow into the aneurysm have been significantly blocked by the diverters and the pressure in the aneurysm sac have been decreased.The pressure drop and the wall shear stress on the aneurysm wall in the LSD model are higher than that in the ND model.The oscillatory shear index and relative residence time in the aneurysm wall of LSD are lower than that in the ND model.The pressure measurement in the vitro experiment also qualitatively verified the results of pressure comparison in the numerical simulation.In conclusion,the simulation results and in vitro experiments verified that diverter can certainly reduce the pressure in the aneurysm,and the newly design diverter with local stenosis can strengthening this effect.