Attitude of the Population to the Activities of National Parks: Territorial Aspect (on the Example of a Survey of Residents of the Khorug and Murgab Region)

The article describes and interprets the results of a study aimed at studying public opinion about the activities of national parks. The attitude of the local population to the activities of the State Institution “National Park of Tajikistan” was studied. A total of 40 respondents from local residents were surveyed. Fifteen local residents of Khorog, most of them educated people, students of Khorog University and teachers of the Biological Institute of the Pamirs who are familiar with the Tajik National Park in the vicinity have carried out several scientific studies. Twenty-five respondents of the residents of the Murghab district are directly the population who live in the park. They have less education, and they are more prone to a rural lifestyle, and livestock far more knowledgeable about the Tajik National Park than the residents of Khorog. Interviewed residents of the Murgab and Karakuls villages believe that the activities of the Tajik National Park should be more efficient and lay down ways to improve its activities and form a positive image. In their opinion, the employees of the national park should interact more with the local population, take into account their interests, improve information carrying out activities of the national park. Proceeding from the answers of the respondents, we can conclude that the Tajik national park is already widely known to the circle of researchers and scientific applicants as a place or testing ground for research. For the local populations who live in the park, they use it as a place for animal husbandry and natural resources. During the survey, it turned out that the park is currently being used by all means, but not protected in any way. The results of a public opinion poll conducted in the September of 2021 in the settlements of the Khorug town of the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast GBAO region, belonging to the central ecological zone of the Pamir natural territory, are presented. The attitude of the local population to the activities of the Tajik Nation Park was studied. Interviewed residents believe that the activities of the Tajik National Park should be more efficient and lay down ways to improve its activities and form a positive image.

哈萨克斯坦北部伊希姆河径流对气候变化和人类活动的响应

基于1933—2016年哈萨克斯坦北部伊希姆河彼得罗巴甫洛斯克水文站流量观测数据以及流域内格点气象数据,利用线性趋势法、Mann-Kendall检验、相关普查法和累积量斜率变化率比较法等方法,探讨了气候变化背景下伊希姆河流量变化及其主要驱动因子。结果显示:(1)伊希姆河流域近84年气温和降水呈上升趋势,且在20世纪70年代后增加趋势更加明显。(2)伊希姆河流量年内分布不均,年际流量变化总体呈下降趋势,但趋势不明显。(3)伊希姆河流量受流域内降水和气温共同影响,其中降水与流量相关性最大,且降水的变化对流量补给具有滞后性,6—9月气温对同时期流量影响较大。(4)T1时段(1969—1996年)和T2时段(1997—2016年)与T时段(1933—1968年)相比,气候变化对流量减少的贡献率分别为16.09%和44.83%,而人类活动对流量减少的贡献率为83.91%和55.17%。流域内水资源的开发及利用、人口数量和土地利用方式的变化等人类活动因素在很大程度上影响了伊希姆河流量。

吉尔吉斯斯坦楚河过去407年径流量重建

紧邻丝绸之路经济带核心区的中亚地区跨境河流众多,水资源分配极不均衡。揭示中亚跨境河流径流变化规律,对水资源调配管理,缓解区域水资源紧张局面有深远影响,对促进东西方经济文化交流和"一带一路"建设具有重大的战略意义。文章选取中亚重要跨境河流——楚河为研究对象,利用吉尔吉斯斯坦天山山区雪岭云杉(Picea schrenkiana)树轮宽度资料重建楚河自公元1610年以来4~9月径流量,重建方程方差解释量为44%。重建径流量序列表明,径流量最大值和最小值分别出现在1795年和1917年。18世纪湿润期在持续时间、数量级和强度上最为显著,在1734年、 1785年、 1794年和1795年出现径流量极大值;在1700~1703年、 1726~1730年、 1734~1737年、 1746~1753年、 1755~1757年、 1763~1767年、 1769~1770年和1789~1795年偏湿。20世纪干旱期在持续时间、数量级和强度上最为严重,1917年、 1984年和1995年出现径流量极小值;1911~1920年、 1926~1928年、 1943~1946年、 1977~1982年、 1984~1987年和1995~1998年偏干。多窗谱分析结果显示楚河径流量存在2 a、 2.3~2.4 a、 3 a、 5 a、 30 a和46~68 a准周期变化。楚河径流量重建序列与乌鲁木齐河、开垦河和玛纳斯河径流量重建序列的丰枯变化有一定程度的一致性,表明天山北坡地区可能存在大范围的公共水文信号。正相位AMO(负相位NAO)时期,西风环流输送增强,楚河径流量偏多;负相位AMO(正相位NAO)时期,西风环流输送减弱,楚河径流量偏少。