BI-D1870 Causes the Rats’ Learning and Memory Acquisition Ability Impairment

Aim: To observe the rats’ learning and memory acquisition ability disturbance induced by BI-D1870. Methods: Male SD rats were randomly divided into control group, solvent control group and BI-D1870 group. The rats in the control group were intraperitoneally injected with saline, while those in the solvent control group were intraperitoneally injected with DMSO + sulfobutyl-β-cyclodextrin solvent, and those in the BI-D1870 group were intraperitoneally injected with BI-D1870. All the rats’ appearance and behavior were daily observed, and body weight was recorded on the day 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 82 of BI-D1870 injected. Morris water maze was used to screen the rats’ learning and memory acquisition ability on the day 22 - 25, 52 - 55, and 82 - 85 of training by BI-D1870 treated. The successful rates of the rats’ memory impairment were respectively calculated for three times screening. Results: During the whole experiment, there was no obvious difference in appearance and fur color in all rats. The rats’ agitation began to appear on the day 10th of BI-D1870 given. The agitation rats’ number and rats’ body weight gradually increased along with BI-D1870 treated (P P Conclusion: Intraperitoneal injection of BI-D1870 can induce the rats’ learning and memory acquisition ability disorder.

基于Y-SNP和Y-STR揭示汉族人群父系遗传关系

汉族是中国人口最多的民族,现有研究多集中于汉族人群的起源、迁徙、融合等遗传历史,以及局部地区汉族人群的父系遗传关系,鲜有全局视角下的汉族人群父系遗传结构研究。本研究检测了362份青海、四川和辽宁的汉族无关男性样本,整合已发表文献相关数据,最终获得了国内15个省份16个汉族人群1830人份样本,覆盖89个Y-SNP、16个Y-STR的数据。通过统计Y-SNP单倍群频率、Y-STR单倍型多样性,使用主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)、系统发育树、单倍型网络等分析,综合Y-SNP和Y-STR两个反映不同时间尺度的遗传标记,研究不同地区汉族人群之间的遗传分化、汉族人群与其周边少数民族的遗传关系。单倍群频率统计结果显示单倍群O-M175是汉族人群主体单倍群(青海汉族60.53%~广东汉族92.7%),其下游亚单倍群呈现地域差异化分布。单倍群O2-M122高频分布于各地汉族,总体分布趋势北高南低;单倍群O1b-M268分布频率由南向北递减,尤其在岭南地区汉族人群中分布显著;单倍群O1a-M119在中部汉族人群中分布频率较高。汉族人群遗传结构研究表明,其主要分为北部、中部及南部三个聚类簇,其中青海汉族与其他地区汉族存在一定的遗传分化。在合并少数民族的遗传关系研究中,汉族人群彼此之间遗传关系更紧密,但北部汉族与回族遗传关系更近,而南部汉族则与仡佬族、黎族遗传关系更近。总之,本文基于89个Y-SNP和16个Y-STR,系统地研究了中国不同地域的汉族人群的单倍群分布、遗传亚结构及其与周边少数民族的遗传关系,为群体遗传学、法医遗传学补充理论依据,为Y染色体的法医学应用提供数据支撑。Y-SNP单倍群结合Y-STR单倍型对于分析汉族人群遗传亚结构以及法医学应用具有重要作用。

A Preliminary Study in the Effect of <i>Astragali radix</i>, a Qi-Invigorating Herb, on Mitochondria: Insights at Cellular Level and Mouse Tissues Level

Objectives: To explore the effects of Qi-invigorating herbs on mitochondrial function using cultured cells and animal organs. Methods: Using water extracts of Astragali radix, we investigated the effect of “Qi-invigoration” on M-1 renal cells and mouse organs in-vitro including total adenylate production (TAP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). We also examined the effect on antioxidant capacity by conducting an analysis of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH). Results: 1) Astragali radix increased mitochondrial TAP generation and decreased ROS levels in both mouse kidney tissues and M-1 renal cells. 2) Astragali radix also significantly increased MMP and GSH levels in M-1 cells, but in the kidney tissue, there was no significant change in MMP levels and a decrease in GSH levels. 3) Astragali radix stimulated TAP levels in the heart, spleen, lung, kidney and skeletal muscle tissue, which was accompanied by the reduction of ROS. 4) For the meridian organs that Astragali radix belongs to, the energy production and antioxidant capacity were boosted simultaneously. Conclusions: These results provide new insights for the biochemical basis of Qi-invigoration and the meridian tropism theory for this Qi-invigorating herb.

血液透析期间香蕉摄入量对患者血清钾水平的影响:一项膳食管理的随机对照试验

目的评估血液透析期间香蕉摄入量对维持性血液透析患者(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)血清钾水平的影响。方法本研究为单中心、随机对照临床试验,于2021年9月15日至12月15日选取中国南方地区1所三级甲等医院的126例MHD患者,并将其随机分为干预组(n=64)和对照组(n=62)。干预组患者在血液透析期间摄入约250克香蕉,而对照组患者在血液透析期间不摄入任何食物。在血液透析前通过病例信息收集患者人口学信息和血液透析相关参数,通过采集患者透析前血液样品来评估实验室指标(如血常规、生化指标、炎症指标、肝功能、肾功能等)。在血液透析2 h和4 h、下次血液透析前分别测量两组患者的血清钾和血糖水平,并记录透析中相关并发症。采用重复测量方程分析对两组患者血清钾和血糖指标进行比较。结果最终122例MHD患者完成研究(干预组和对照组各61例)。结果显示,两组患者血清钾水平在组别和时间上不存在交互作用(P>0.05),而干预组患者血清钾水平在血液透析2 h(3.9±0.5比3.6±0.3)mmol/L和血液透析4 h(3.5±0.4比3.3±0.3)mmol/L均高于对照组(P<0.01)。两组患者血糖水平在组别和时间上不存在交互作用(P>0.05)。干预组患者在血液透析期间心律失常(8.2%比29.5%,P=0.003)和低钾血症的发生率(52.5%比80.3%,P=0.002)均低于对照组。结论血液透析开始时摄入约250 g香蕉不会引起高钾血症,可有效降低低钾血症和心律失常的发生率,并防止血液透析过程中血清钾水平下降过快。建议医务人员应与营养学家进一步合作,为MHD患者制订适用的膳食管理计划。

Formation mechanism of bright and dark concentric-ring pattern in dielectric barrier discharge

In this work,a bright and dark concentric-ring pattern is reported in a dielectric barrier discharge for the first time.The spatiotemporal dynamics of the bright and dark concentric-ring pattern are investigated with an intensified charge-coupled device and photomultiplier tubes.The results indicate that the bright and dark concentric-ring pattern is composed of three concentric-ring sublattices.These are bright concentric-ring structures,dark concentric-ring structures and wider concentric-ring structures,respectively.The bright concentric-ring structures and dark concentricring structures are alternately distributed.The bright concentric-ring structures are located at the centre of the wider concentric-ring structures.The wider concentric-ring structures first form from the outer edge and gradually develop to the centre.The essence of all three concentric-ring structures is the individual discharge filaments.The optical emission spectra of different sublattices are acquired and analysed.It is found that the plasma parameters of the three concentricring sublattices are different.Finally,the formation mechanism of the bright and dark concentricring pattern is discussed.

Improved diagnosis of thyroid cancer aided with deep learning applied to sonographic text reports:a retrospective,multi-cohort,diagnostic study

Objective:Large volume radiological text data have been accumulated since the incorporation of electronic health record(EHR)systems in clinical practice.We aimed to determine whether deep natural language processing algorithms could aid radiologists in improving thyroid cancer diagnosis.Methods:Sonographic EHR data were obtained from the EHR database.Pathological reports were used as the gold standard for diagnosing thyroid cancer.We developed thyroid cancer diagnosis based on natural language processing(THCaDxNLP)to interpret unstructured sonographic text reports for thyroid cancer diagnosis.We used the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUROC)as the primary metric to measure the performance of the THCaDxNLP.We compared the performance of thyroid ultrasound radiologists aided with THCaDxNLP vs.those without THCaDxNLP using 5 independent test sets.Results:We obtained a total number of 788,129 sonographic radiological reports.The number of thyroid sonographic data points was 132,277,18,400 of which were thyroid cancer patients.Among the 5 test sets,the numbers of patients per set were 439,186,82,343,and 171.THCaDxNLP achieved high performance in identifying thyroid cancer patients(the AUROC ranged from 0.857–0.932).Thyroid ultrasound radiologists aided with THCaDxNLP achieved significantly higher performances than those without THCaDxNLP in terms of accuracy(93.8%vs.87.2%;one-sided t-test,adjusted P=0.003),precision(92.5%vs.86.0%;P=0.018),and F1 metric(94.2%vs.86.4%;P=0.007).Conclusions:THCaDxNLP achieved a high AUROC for the identification of thyroid cancer,and improved the accuracy,sensitivity,and precision of thyroid ultrasound radiologists.This warrants further investigation of THCaDxNLP in prospective clinical trials.

缺陷工程在金属基电池中的研究进展

清洁能源在开发和利用过程中存在间歇性和不稳定性,开发高性能、高效率、环保清洁的新型储能器件可保障稳定的能源输出,实现能源转型.其中,金属基电池(如金属-空气电池,金属-硫电池等)具有低成本,高能量密度的优势,具有较高的应用价值.电池电极材料(催化剂)的合理设计影响着其储能效率,对可再生能源技术的发展具有重要作用.近年来,随着研究人员对电催化反应机理的深入理解,缺陷工程被普遍认为是增加催化活性位点数量,提升电池性能的有效策略.其原因在于缺陷可以提供大量不饱和位点,从而为电化学过程提供更多活性中心,增强电极催化效率,实现电化学动力学的提升.此外,缺陷工程实现了电池电极材料局部原子结构以及配位环境的可控调节,进一步调整电极材料的电子和结构特性,可显著提升电池的电化学动力学.本文系统总结了缺陷工程促进电催化性能的可行性策略和金属基电池电催化剂缺陷工程的最新进展.首先介绍了金属-空气电池和金属-硫电池的反应机理,明确金属基电池的反应机理和反应过程对于开发性能优异、环境适应性强催化剂至关重要.其次,归纳和总结了缺陷的种类(本征缺陷、阴离子空位、阳离子空位、晶格畸变和杂原子掺杂)及其引入的常用方法(如热/化学还原、剥落、化学刻蚀、等离子体技术、球磨等).随后,讨论了用于检测电催化剂中缺陷类型和浓度的相关高端表征手段,揭示了构筑缺陷催化剂是提高电催化剂性能的关键.此外,对电催化电池中缺陷的作用及设计原则进行了总结,讨论了电催化剂中缺陷的作用机理,为未来实现具有高本征活性、长期稳定性和高选择性的电催化剂设计提供了更科学的指导.以典型的金属基电池(锌-空电池、锂氧电池、锂-CO_(2)电池、锂硫电池、钠硫电池等)为例,详细介绍了缺陷工程在提高金属基电池电化学性能中发挥的重要作用及其最新进展.最后,提出了金属基电池目前面临的挑战和发展前景,旨在通过缺陷工程提升催化电极材料活性,促进清洁储能器件的商业化进程.

Self assembled electron blocking and lithiophilic interface towards dendrite-free solid-state lithium battery

The poor interfacial contact is one of the biggest challenges that solid-state lithium batteries suffer from.Reducing the solid-state electrolyte surface energy by transforming the interface from lithiophobic to lithiophilic is effective to promote the interfacial contact, but electronic conductive interphases usually increase the risk of electron attack, thus leading to uncontrollable Li dendrite growth. Herein, we propose a self-assembled thermodynamic stable Li I interphase to simultaneously improve the interfacial contact between the garnet electrolyte Li_7La_(3)Zr_(2)O_(12)(LLZO) and Li anode, and prohibit the electron attack. The direct contact between LLZO and Li and the high temperature Li melting process was ascribed to Zr4+reduction, which facilitated Li dendrite formation and propagation. With the modification of the high lithiophilic I_(2) thin film, the area specific interfacial resistance of LLZO/Li was reduced from 1525 Ω/cm^(2) to 57 Ω/cm^(2). More importantly, LLZO was protected from being reduced due to the outstanding electronic insulativity of the Li I interphase, which leaded to a high critical current density of 1.2/7.0 m A/cm^(2) in the time/capacity-constant modes, respectively.

Enhancing O_(2)electroreduction to H_(2)O on Ag/MnO_(2)-CHNTs by boosting a four-electron catalytic pathway

A fundamental question in the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)is how to rationally control the electrocatalytic selectivity for opening a four-electron reaction pathway.However,it still lacks direct experimental evidence to understand the reaction mechanism.This work unravels that Ag nanoparticles and carbonizing halloysite nanotubes(CHNTs)can trigger the construction of oxygen defects in the MnO_(2),which contribute to the generation of active sites.The Ag/MnO_(2)-CHNTs delivers a superior activity toward ORR with high onset potential,half-wave potential,diffusion-limited current density,long-term durability and methanol tolerance.More importantly,combined with density functional theory calculations,triggering manganese dioxide defects upon the introduction of Ag nanoparticles and CHNTs can alter the electrocatalytic pathway from a two-electron to a direct four-electron direction for ORR,which is the nature of enhanced ORR activity.Based on the analysis of the results,this finding points out a very effective approach for exploring catalysts with the improved performance and durability for ORR reaction.

Transmission Based Conditional Logistic Model for Testing Main and Interaction Effects

Transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) is a popular family based genetic association method. Under multiplicative assumption, a conditional logistic regression for matched pair, affected offspring with allele transmitted from parents and pseudo-offspring (control) with allele non-transmitted from parents, was built to detect the main effects of genes and gene-covariate interactions. When there exist genotype uncertainties, expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm was adopted to estimate the coefficients. The transmission model was applied to detect the association between M235T polymorphism in AGT gene and essential hypertension (ESH). Most of parents are not available in the 126 families from HongKong Chinese population. The results showed M235T is associated with hypertension and there is interaction between M235T and the case’s sex. The allele T is higher risk for male than female.

中国西南地区藏族人群遗传亚结构研究

藏族为中国西南地区典型的少数民族,分为卫藏、康巴、安多和嘉绒等多个支系。然而,对藏族支系人群的遗传结构,特别是各分支人群的父系、母系遗传结构却缺乏深度解析。本研究基于个体水平的常染色体、父系来源的Y染色体和母系来源的线粒体3个类别遗传信息,对西藏地区卫藏藏族、四川甘孜地区康巴藏族、青海地区安多藏族和四川阿坝地区嘉绒藏族共4个藏族群体进行研究,以揭示其遗传亚结构关系。采用微测序技术检测各位点分型,利用PowerPlex^■Y23和DNATyper^TM Y26试剂盒检测Y-STRs基因座分型,通过热图和主成分分析、祖先成分分析、单倍群频率统计、网络图及多维尺度分析等探讨其遗传亚结构。结果表明,常染色体和Y染色体遗传标记可将4个藏族人群分为3类:青藏高原的卫藏藏族为一类,高原周边地区的康巴藏族和安多藏族的遗传结构类似分为一类,“藏彝走廊”中嘉绒藏族的遗传结构与其他藏族人群差异显著而为一类。不同藏族分支人群在线粒体遗传信息方面无明显差异性。上述多类别遗传信息的分析结果为深入了解藏族不同分支人群的遗传亚结构提供了新视角。

中国汉族人群脸部特征相关SNP位点研究

脸部形态是人类重要的生物特征之一,了解脸部形态特征的遗传基础在群体遗传学、发育生物学和法庭科学中具有重要意义。本研究针对中国汉族成年男性人群1177名个体,在高分辨率三维人脸图像的17个脸部特征点中提取出136组欧几里德距离(Euclidean distance)表型。结合3×低深度测序数据,用线性回归分析了125个已报道的与脸部形态显著相关的SNP位点和136组脸部表型之间的相关性。结果表明,在经过多重校正后,来自10个不同基因区域的12个SNP位点与一个或多个脸部特征显著相关(显著性阈值P<1.35×10^–3),解释了年龄和BMI指数校正后3.89%脸部表型差异。相关SNP位点包括TEX41 rs17479393,PAX3 rs974448、RAB7A/ACAD9 rs2977562、DCHS2 rs9995821、DCHS2 rs2045323、C5orf50 rs6555969、SUPT3H/RUNX2 rs1852985、MSRA rs11782517、EYA1 rs10504499、GSC rs2224309、DICER1 rs7161418和DHX35 rs2206437。本研究结果对揭示中国汉族人群脸部形态的遗传机制和脸部特征的遗传推断提供了参考数据。

紫杉醇抗癌记

癌症的发病风险大、死亡率高,因此很多人提“癌”色变。为了提高癌症患者的生存率,科学家们长期致力于抗癌药物的研究。在癌症的化学治疗上,紫杉醇有着优异的表现,它的出现给癌症患者带来了福音。本文将从紫杉醇的发现历史、合成方法和作用机制三个方面对紫杉醇进行详细的介绍。

QTL mapping for grain number per spikelet in wheat using a high-density genetic map

Grain number per spikelet (GNS) is a key determinant of grain yield in wheat.A recombinant inbred line population comprising 300 lines was developed from a cross between a high GNS variety H461 and Chinese Spring from which the reference genome assembly of bread wheat was obtained.Both parents and the recombinant inbred lines were genotyped using the wheat 55K single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) array.A high-density genetic map containing 21,197 SNPs was obtained.These markers covered each of the 21 chromosomes with a total linkage distance of 3792.71 c M.Locations of these markers in this linkage map were highly consistent with their physical locations in the genome assembly of Chinese Spring.The two parents and the whole RIL population were assessed for GNS in two consecutive years at two different locations.Based on multi-environment phenotype data and best liner unbiased prediction values,three quantitative trait loci (QTL) for GNS were identified.One of them located on chromosomes 2B and the other two on 2D.Phenotypic variation explained by these loci varied from 3.07%to26.57%.One of these QTL,QGns.sicau-2D-2,was identified in each of all trials conducted.Based on the best linear unbiased prediction values,this locus explained 19.59%–26.57%of phenotypic variation.A KASP(Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR) marker closely linked with this locus was generated and used to validate the effects of this locus in three different genetic backgrounds.The identified QTL and the KASP marker developed for it will be highly valuable in fine-mapping the locus and in exploiting it for markerassisted selection in wheat breeding programs.

Genome-wide analysis of expansins and their role in fruit spine development in cucumber(Cucumis sativus L.)

Cucumber is one of the most widely consumed vegetables worldwide,and the fruit spine is an important fruit quality trait.Expansins play critical roles in fruit development;however,the regulation of expansins in cucumber fruit spine development has not been reported.In this study,33 expansin genes were identified in the cucumber genome V3;additionally,expansin genes in Citrullus lanatus,Cucumis melo,Cucurbita maxima,Lagenaria siceraria,and Benincasa hispida were also identified.Phylogenetic analysis of expansin proteins in Cucurbitaceae and Arabidopsis showed that they evolved separately in each plant species.Phylogenetic analysis showed that C.maxima was derived earlier than the other five Cucurbitaceae species.The expression of CsEXPA2,CsEXPA14,and CsEXLA3 varied in cucumber lines with different fruit spine densities.A yeast two-hybrid assay showed that a putative auxin transporter encoded by numerous spine gene(ns)interacts with CsEXLA2,which may be involved in the development of the numerous spines in cucumber.These results provide novel insights into the expansins related to plant development and fruit spine development in cucumber.

幼儿园课程改革成效:基于教师关注水平的评价

2001年《幼儿园教育指导纲要(试行)》的颁布开启了我国新一轮的幼儿园课程改革。本研究借助关注为本采纳模式,运用其中的关注发展阶段问卷并结合教师访谈,考察了幼儿园教师对课程改革的关注水平,并以此为依据分析改革成效。结果表明教师对课程改革的关注已经跨越不相关阶段,对任务的关注水平较低,对自我的关注水平较高,影响关注阶段整体得分均值最高,处于影响关注阶段的教师占多数,课程改革初见成效。不同性别、教龄及不同性质幼儿园的教师对课程改革的关注没有显著性差异;不同年龄、学历、职称的教师及城郊区教师对课程改革的关注存在一定差异。为提高幼儿园课程改革成效,今后应加深教师对改革核心理念与发展脉络的把握,增强改革理念的实操性,提升教师学历层次与专业素养,加强教师培训,推动幼儿园对改革理念的深入理解与有效落实。

Formation of honeycomb-Kagome hexagonal superlattice pattern with dark discharges in dielectric barrier discharge

A honeycomb-Kagome hexagonal superlattice pattern with dark discharges is observed in a dielectric barrier discharge system for the first time.The spatiotemporal structure of the honeycomb-Kagome hexagonal superlattice pattern with dark discharges is investigated by an intensified charge-coupled device and the photomultipliers show that it is an interleaving of three different sub-lattices,which are bright-spot,invisible honeycomb lattice,and Kagome lattice with invisible frameworks and dim-spots,respectively.The invisible honeycomb lattices and Kagome lattices are actually composed of dark discharges.By using the optical emission spectra method,it is found that the plasma parameters of the three different sub-lattices are different.The influence of the dark discharges on pattern formation is discussed.The results may have significance for the investigation of the dark discharges and will accelerate the development of self-organized pattern dynamics.

Measurement of the first Townsend's ionization coefficient for atmospheric pressure neon by a dielectric barrier discharge

Fast photography and optical emission spectroscopy are implemented in a 5 mm neon gap dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) at atmospheric pressure with quartz glass used as the dielectric layer. Results show that it starts with a Townsend discharge and ends at a sub-normal glow discharge in neon DBD. Based on the Townsend discharge, the first ionization coefficient of neon is measured. The measurements are consistent with those at low pressure. Optical emission spectroscopy indicates that the spectra are mainly composed of atomic lines of neon, molecular bands and molecular ion bands originating from inevitable gas impurities(mainly nitrogen).Moreover, spectral lines emitted from atomic neon corresponding to the transitions(2p^5 3p→2p^5 3s) are predominant. Although the second positive system of N_2(C^3Π_u→B^3Π_g) is observed, their intensities are too weak compared with neon's spectrum. The molecular nitrogen ion line of 391.4 nm is observed. It reveals that Penning ionization between high energy neon excited states and the inevitable gas impurities plays an important role in the value of the αcoefficient.

MR动态增强特征对乳腺癌诊断的价值(英文)

Objective:The aim of the study was to further explore the diagnostic value of breast dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE), and improve specificity of breast cancer diagnosis. Methods:The 93 patients with 105 breast masses were performed with routine magnetic resonance (MR) scan and DCE scan. Results:1. Morphological manifestations and pathologic findings:105 masses of enhance forms could be divided into six types:(1) No enhancement, 9 masses (breast cyst); (2) The heterogeneous enhancement, 31 masses (fiber adenoma, 9; breast cancer, 11; mammary gland hyperplasia, 10; leafy tumor, 1); (3) The unheterogeneous enhancement, 42 masses (fiber adenoma, 5; the hyperplasia, 3; breast cancer, 33; leafy tumor, 1); (4) Ring enhancement, 17 masses (breast cancer, 15; fiber adenoma, 1 and inflammation, 1); (5) Reticular enhancement, 2 cases (gigantic breast, 1 and inflammation, 1). (6) Duct shape enhancement, 4 (hyperplasia, 1; duct carcinoma, 3). 2. Enhancement slope and pathology results:The maximum slope in 62 malignant masses was equally 19.19 ± 8.13, maximum slopes in 43 benign masses was equally 9.46 ± 6.64, the difference had a very significance (P < 0.01). In 42 masses with II type curves, the maximum slope of 24 malignant focuses were 17.52 ± 6.39, while 18 benign focuses 8.33 ± 5.47, the difference had a very significance (P < 0.01). Use a test-receiver to work curve (ROC curve) progress analysis, with 14.85 for critical point, sensibility for 67%, specificity for 83%; with 17.10 for critical value, the specificity was 100%. 3. Curve type and pathological results:According to general type standard, type I of single-phase curve, 20 masses; type II of platform type curve, 42 and III type curve type of washout, 43. A group of six kinds of forms were as follows:(1) No increased signal strength curve, 9 (cyst); (2) The curve signal strength slowly increasing, 6 (hyperplasia 2, fiber adenoma 2, chronic inflammation 1, duct carcinoma 1); (3) The intensity of curve after rapid increase early, continued to increase slowly 5 (hyperplasia 4, inflammatory breast cancer 1); (4) Curve early signal strength increasing rapidly formed the stop after middle-late platform (platform type), 42 (hyperplasia 9, fiber adenoma 8, leafy tumor 1, and breast cancer 24); (5) Early signal strength rapid increase arrived the peak then rapid declined (outflow type), 40 (hyperplasia 1, fiber adenoma 5, leafy tumor 1, breast 33); (6) Early signal strength increase quickly reached a peak, after platform period, then rising quickly again, and all of 3 for breast cancer. Conclusion:Enhancement morphological characteristics of breast cancer such as duct or ring enhancement had diagnostic value. Maximum slope in benign or malignant lesions, particularly in the differential diagnosis of type II curve played an important role. Formation mechanism of type II curve might be that an obstacle blood backflow of blood vessels by vascular tumor emboli or tumor compression.

Haplotype Frequency Comparison for Case-Parents Data

For case-parents data, the information from offspring can be used to reduce the uncertainty of parents’ haplotype. In this article we develop likelihood ratio test to compare haplotype frequencies in transmitted and non-transmitted group. The maximum likelihood estimate of the haplotype frequencies for the family data is obtained via expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. Our proposed method can handle the uncertainty of haplotypes and missing data. The simulations show that the method is more powerful to test association between haplotype and traits than TRANSMIT. We also demonstrated the method to detect the association between Megsin gene and immunoglobulin A nephropathy.