EmissV: A Preprocessor for WRF-Chem Model

Air quality models are tools capable to predict the physical and chemical processes that affect air pollutants as they disperse and reacts in the atmosphere. These models need input containing meteorological data, terrestrial data and emissions. Meteorological and terrestrial data comes from different sources such as meteorological stations and satellite images which are important to represent the current state of the atmosphere and are available at least on a daily frequency. On the other hand, the emission data comes from pollution inventories generated mainly from governmental reports, this data needs to be processed by various reasons such as the correction of outdated emissions, for combining inventories or to speciate the emitted pollutants to different chemical mechanisms. EmissV is a code written into a high-level programming language to create emissions input for these atmospheric models. The emissions from EmissV are coherent with the total and the spatial distribution of emissions obtained from other preprocessors.

Urban heat mitigation by green and blue infrastructure:Drivers,effectiveness,and future needs

The combination of urbanization and global warming leads to urban overheating and compounds the frequency and intensity of extreme heat events due to climate change.Yet,the risk of urban overheating can be mitigated by urban green-blue-grey infrastructure(GBGI),such as parks,wetlands,and engineered greening,which have the potential to effectively reduce summer air temperatures.Despite many reviews,the evidence bases on quantified GBGI cooling benefits remains partial and the practical recommendations for implementation are unclear.This systematic literature review synthesizes the evidence base for heat mitigation and related co-benefits,identifies knowledge gaps,and proposes recommendations for their implementation to maximize their benefits.After screening 27,486 papers,202 were reviewed,based on 51 GBGI types categorized under 10 main divisions.Certain GBGI(green walls,parks,street trees)have been well researched for their urban cooling capabilities.However,several other GBGI have received negligible(zoological garden,golf course,estuary)or minimal(private garden,allotment)attention.The most efficient air cooling was observed in botanical gardens(5.0±3.5℃),wetlands(4.9±3.2℃),green walls(4.1±4.2℃),street trees(3.8±3.1℃),and vegetated balconies(3.8±2.7℃).Under changing climate conditions(2070–2100)with consideration of RCP8.5,there is a shift in climate subtypes,either within the same climate zone(e.g.,Dfa to Dfb and Cfb to Cfa)or across other climate zones(e.g.,Dfb[continental warm-summer humid]to BSk[dry,cold semi-arid]and Cwa[temperate]to Am[tropical]).These shifts may result in lower efficiency for the current GBGI in the future.Given the importance of multiple services,it is crucial to balance their functionality,cooling performance,and other related co-benefits when planning for the future GBGI.This global GBGI heat mitigation inventory can assist policymakers and urban planners in prioritizing effective interventions to reduce the risk of urban overheating,filling research gaps,and promoting community resilience.