Plant-pollinator interactions in a biodiverse meadow are rather stable and tight for 3 consecutive years

Plant-pollinator interactions can be highly variable across years in natural communities.Although variation in the species composition and its basic structure has been investigated to understand the dynamic nature of polli­nation networks,little is known about the temporal dynamic of interaction strength between the same plant and pollinator species in any natural community.Pollinator-mediated selection on the evolution of floral traits could be diminished if plant-pollinator interactions vary temporally.To quantify the temporal variation in plant-pol­linator interactions and the interaction strength(observed visits),we compared weighted networks between plants and pollinators in a biodiverse alpine meadow in Shangri-La,southwest China for 3 consecutive years.Although plant-pollinator interactions were highly dynamic such that identical interactions only accounted for 10.7%of the total between pair years,the diversity of interactions was stable.These identical interactions con­tributed 41.2%of total visits and were similar in strength and weighted nestedness.For plant species,72.6%of species were visited by identical pollinator species between pair years,accounting for over half of the total vis­its and three-quarters at the functional group level.More generalized pollinators contributed more connective­ness and were more central in networks across years.However,there was no similar or even opposite trend for plant species,which suggested that specialized plant species may also be central in pollinator networks.The variation in pollinator composition decreased as pollinator species numbers increased,suggesting that general­ized plants experienced stable pollinator partition.The stable,tight interactions between generalized pollinators and specialized plants represent cornerstones of the studied community.