Transfer of the zp3a gene results in changes in egg adhesiveness and buoyancy in transgenic zebrafish

Reproductive strategies and spawning habits play key roles in the evolution of endemic East Asian cyprinids.However,the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of spawning habits are not well understood.We recently identified zona pellucida(Zp) as the top differentially expressed protein between East Asian cyprinids that produce adhesive and semi-buoyant eggs,suggesting that Zp protein may play important roles in the regulation of egg type.In this work,we generated transgenic zebrafish in which oocyte-specific expression of zp genes from rare minnow(Gobiocypris rarus),an East Asian cyprinid laying adhesive eggs,was driven by a zebrafish zp3.2 gene promoter.We found that the transgenic eggs obtained partial adhesiveness and exhibited alteration in hydration and buoyancy.Abnormal metabolism of vitellogenin(VTG) may contribute to enhanced hydration and/or buoyancy.Our work shows that expression of the exogenous zp3a gene from an adhesiveegg producing fish is sufficient to induce changes in both egg adhesiveness and buoyancy in zebrafish,emphasizing the important role of zp genes in the regulation of spawning habits.Our results thus provide new insights into how endemic East Asian cyprinids may have adapted to the Yangtze river-lake system via changes in spawning habits.

发酵乳制品风味形成机制及优化控制研究进展

发酵乳制品营养丰富,深受广大消费者喜爱。风味是发酵乳制品最重要的感官属性之一,但乳制品在发酵过程中极易产生不良风味,影响发酵乳制品的风味品质,因此充分了解发酵乳制品中风味物质的转化过程及形成机制对优化风味有重要意义。基于相关研究,综合论述了发酵乳制品风味形成途径的重要研究进展,阐述了风味优化控制的重要技术措施。通过对相关文献的梳理,指出发酵乳制品风味形成过程中碳水化合物代谢、脂肪分解、蛋白质水解等关键生化转化途径,以及通过靶向筛选和鉴定产香乳酸菌、优化加工条件、应用基因工程等优化风味的方法。未来可就乳酸菌的开发及在调控风味生成的潜在代谢机制等方面展开深入研究。

功能性乳制品功能特性及潜在机制研究进展

近年来,消费者对食品健康益处的认识不断提高,这极大程度地推动了功能性食品的发展。功能性乳制品是一类新兴的乳制品,在全球功能性食品市场中占据着重要地位。该文主要综述了功能性乳制品的分类、功能特性(调节肠道健康、提高认知能力、改善肥胖、降低糖尿病和心血管疾病的发生率、维持骨骼及口腔健康等)及其发挥重要功效的潜在机制,以期为功能性乳制品的开发和行业发展提供参考和借鉴。

Genome-wide association study of grain micronutrient concentrations in bread wheat

Bread wheat(Triticum aestivum)is a staple food crop worldwide.The genetic dissection of important nutrient traits is essential for the biofortification of wheat to meet the nutritional needs of the world's growing population.Here,45,298 single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)from 55K chip arrays were used to genotype a panel of 768 wheat cultivars,and a total of 154 quantitative trait loci(QTLs)were detected for eight traits under three environments by genome-wide association study(GWAS).Three QTLs(qMn-3B.1,qFe-3B.4,and qSe-3B.1/qFe-3B.6)detected repeatedly under different environments or traits were subjected to subsequent analyses based on linkage disequilibrium decay and the P-values of significant SNPs.Significant SNPs in the three QTL regions formed six haplotypes for qMn-3B.1,three haplotypes for qFe-3B.4,and three haplotypes for qSe-3B.1/qFe-3B.6.Phenotypic analysis revealed significant differences among haplotypes.These results indicated that the concentrations of several nutrient elements have been modified during the domestication of landraces to modern wheat.Based on the QTL regions,we identified 15 high-confidence genes,eight of which were stably expressed in different tissues and/or developmental stages.TraesCS3B02G046100 in qMn-3B.1 and TraesCS3B02G199500 in qSe-3B.1/qFe-3B.6 were both inferred to interact with metal ions according to the Gene Ontology(GO)analysis.TraesCS3B02G199000,which belongs to qSe-3B.1/qFe-3B.6,was determined to be a member of the WRKY gene family.Overall,this study provides several reliable QTLs that may significantly affect the concentrations of nutrient elements in wheat grain,and this information will facilitate the breeding of wheat cultivars with improved grain properties.

Metagenomic analysis revealing the metabolic role of microbial communities in the free amino acid biosynthesis of Monascus rice vinegar during fermentation

Free amino acid(FAA)is the important component of vinegar that infl uences quality perception and consumer acceptance.FAA is one of the major metabolites produced by microorganisms;however,the microbial metabolic network on FAA biosynthesis remains unclear.Through metagenomic analysis,this work aimed to elucidate the roles of microbes in FAA biosynthesis during Monascus rice vinegar fermentation.Taxonomic profiles from functional analyses showed 14 dominant genera with high contributions to the metabolism pathways.The metabolic network for FAA biosynthesis was then constructed,and the microbial distribution in different metabolic pathways was illuminated.The results revealed that 5 functional genera were closely involved in FAA biosynthesis.This study illuminated the metabolic roles of microorganisms in FAA biosynthesis and provided crucial insights into the functional attributes of microbiota in vinegar fermentation.

Self-consistent and precise measurement of time-dependent radiative albedo of gold based on specially symmetrical triple-cavity Hohlraum

A self-consistent and precise method to determine the time-dependent radiative albedo,i.e.,the ratio of the reemission flux to the incident flux,for an indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion Hohlraum wall material is proposed.A specially designed symmetrical triple-cavity gold Hohlraum is used to create approximately constant and near-equilibrium uniform radiation with a peak temperature of 160 eV.The incident flux at the secondary cavity waist is obtained from flux balance analysis and from the shock velocity of a standard sample.The results agree well owing to the symmetrical radiation in the secondary cavity.A self-consistent and precise time-dependent radiative albedo is deduced from the reliable reemission flux and the incident flux,and the result from the shock velocity is found to have a smaller uncertainty than that from the multi-angle flux balance analysis,and also to agree well with the result of a simulation using the HYADES opacity.

肝胆肿瘤中肿瘤特异性CircRNA衍生抗原肽的鉴定

基于肿瘤抗原的免疫治疗的应用受到验证免疫原性肽稀缺性的阻碍。本研究旨在研究环状RNA(circRNA)在肝胆肿瘤类器官中作为肿瘤抗原肽新来源的潜力。使用RNA测序(RNA-seq)和基于算法的评分工具,预测3950个翻译的肿瘤特异性环状RNA在27个类器官中产生18971个抗原肽。从抗原格局来看,11个氨基酸长度(mer)肽和人白细胞抗原(HLA)-A结合肽具有最高的免疫原性相关评分。在分析的3/5类器官中,有13个预测抗原肽通过质谱(MS)免疫肽组学被直接确认为HLA-A、HLA-B和HLA-C(HLA-ABC)结合肽。在流式细胞术和酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)中,由HLA-ABC分子呈递的circRNA衍生的肿瘤特异性肽刺激CD8(CD8)T细胞,显示CD107a干扰素γ(IFNγ)共表达和IFNγ分泌增加。免疫原性环状RNA衍生肽诱导的靶向类器官的细胞毒性T细胞活性在杀伤实验中得到验证。值得注意的是,来自circTBC1D15的抗原肽YGFNEILKK不仅被认为是类器官的HLA-ABC呈递肽,而且还显著降低了肿瘤类器官的存活率。本研究的发现强调了产生肿瘤抗原的一个关键亚群,这对靶向肿瘤特异性circRNA具有重要意义。

行政规制视角下未成年人的网络安全保护

结合《未成年人保护法》《未成年人网络保护条例(征求意见稿)》等相关法律的内容来看,对于未成年人网络安全保护当中的行政规制途径主要体现在规制主体、规制实施、规制问责三个要素层面。但在当前对于未成年人网络安全保护中行政规制的实施仍面临诸如规制主体不全面、规制实施困难等问题。究其原因,是因为当前未成年人网络保护中的行政规制治理体系不够完善,法律制度的设定与适用存在价值失衡。为此,可以考虑通过推进网络保护上位专项立法、完善监督制度设计等措施补足未成年人网络安全保护面临的短板,同时加强与多方的共同合作,完善未成年人网络安全保护中的行政规制路径。

二步骤回采采场顶板拱架模型及充填接顶率优化

为了探究深部矿山采空区内充填体的合理接顶率,以二步骤回采矿山为例,应用三铰拱力学模型推导回采过程中具有不同接顶率的采空区顶板的应力表达式,并结合数值模拟分析接顶率对采场顶板应力状态的影响。结果表明,竖向应力影响矿房和矿柱采场顶板的应力状态,而水平应力主要影响矿房采场顶板的应力状态。矿房采场充填接顶率对矿柱采场顶板自稳平衡拱的形成有较大的影响。在冬瓜山铜矿开采过程中,现场实际充填接顶率约为80%,实现了矿产资源安全、稳定的连续回采。

农地制度创新“缓解撂荒”与“加剧非粮化”双向效应研究--以西南山区“三变”改革为例

研究目的:探索农地制度创新--“三变”改革(资源变资产、资金变股金、农民变股东)对西南山区耕地撂荒与非粮化双向影响效应,为构建差别化的农地保护政策提供参考。研究方法:理论分析、双重差分模型。研究结果:(1)“三变”改革具有“缓解撂荒”和“加剧非粮化”的双向效应,二者对耕地保护作用相反但基本持平,总体上不影响粮食安全。(2)“三变”改革对改革区“缓解撂荒”和“加剧非粮化”具有持续动态影响,并随着改革深入越来越显著。(3)“三变”改革主要借助土地流转集中而推动适度规模经营、提升农业机械化水平而发展现代农业、释放农业劳动力而促进产业融合发展等多种途径改变耕地利用状态。研究结论:鼓励农地制度创新盘活撂荒耕地,以有效保护耕地。在确保粮食安全基础上,采取因地制宜措施应对耕地非粮化趋势,并在农业经营实践中通过科学政策评估有效确定耕地撂荒和非粮化的最优均衡点。

我国少数民族学前儿童国家通用语言研究现状与趋势--基于CiteSpace Ⅴ的可视化知识图谱分析

学前教育是终身学习的开端,依据语言发展规律,提高学前儿童尤其是少数民族学前儿童国家通用语言教育质量,对于铸牢中华民族共同体意识具有重要意义,也是实现推普脱贫和乡村振兴“从娃娃抓起”、切实阻断贫困代际传递的起点性民生工程,是多民族国家认同建构的基础性工程,是民族地区发展进步的必由之路。基于此,文章采用CiteSpace Ⅴ数据分析软件,对CNKI数据库中近二十年来与少数民族学前儿童国家通用语言相关的研究文献进行梳理和分析,绘制知识图谱,以直观、清晰的方式呈现我国近二十年来少数民族学前儿童国家通用语言研究现状,以期为我国少数民族学前儿童国家通用语言研究的理论和实践提供参考。

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes regulate microglia phenotypes:a promising treatment for acute central nervous system injury

There is growing evidence that long-term central nervous system(CNS)inflammation exacerbates secondary deterioration of brain structures and functions and is one of the major determinants of disease outcome and progression.In acute CNS injury,brain microglia are among the first cells to respond and play a critical role in neural repair and regeneration.However,microglial activation can also impede CNS repair and amplify tissue damage,and phenotypic transformation may be responsible for this dual role.Mesenchymal stem cell(MSC)-derived exosomes(Exos)are promising therapeutic agents for the treatment of acute CNS injuries due to their immunomodulatory and regenerative properties.MSC-Exos are nanoscale membrane vesicles that are actively released by cells and are used clinically as circulating biomarkers for disease diagnosis and prognosis.MSC-Exos can be neuroprotective in several acute CNS models,including for stroke and traumatic brain injury,showing great clinical potential.This review summarized the classification of acute CNS injury disorders and discussed the prominent role of microglial activation in acute CNS inflammation and the specific role of MSC-Exos in regulating pro-inflammatory microglia in neuroinflammatory repair following acute CNS injury.Finally,this review explored the potential mechanisms and factors associated with MSCExos in modulating the phenotypic balance of microglia,focusing on the interplay between CNS inflammation,the brain,and injury aspects,with an emphasis on potential strategies and therapeutic interventions for improving functional recovery from early CNS inflammation caused by acute CNS injury.

电沉积法制备Ni-Cu合金镀层及其性能表征

采用电沉积法制备Ni-Cu合金镀层,以增强不锈钢的抗氧化及耐蚀能力。以电沉积速率为依据,利用正交实验法获得最佳工艺参数;通过高温氧化和电化学方法表征镀层性能。结果表明:影响Ni-Cu合金镀层性能的主次因素为电流密度>硼酸浓度>温度。最佳参数为:温度60℃、硼酸浓度10 g/L、电流密度5 A/dm^(2)。Ni-Cu合金镀层以其良好的抗氧化性及耐蚀性可有效保护不锈钢基体。

Epitaxially Grown Ru Clusters-Nickel Nitride Heterostructure Advances Water Electrolysis Kinetics in Alkaline and Seawater Media

The epitaxial heterostructure can be rationally designed based on the in situ growth of two compatible phases with lattice similarity,in which the modulated electronic states and tuned adsorption behaviors are conducive to the enhancement of electrocatalytic activity.Herein,theoretical simulations first disclose the charge transfer trend and reinforced inherent electron conduction around the epitaxial heterointerface between Ru clusters and Ni_(3)N substrate(cRu-Ni_(3)N),thus leading to the optimized adsorption behaviors and reduced activation energy barriers.Subsequently,the defectrich nanosheets with the epitaxially grown cRu-Ni_(3)N heterointerface are successfully constructed.Impressively,by virtue of the superiority of intrinsic activity and reaction kinetics,such unique epitaxial heterostructure exhibits remarkable bifunctional catalytic activity toward electrocatalytic OER(226 mV@20 mA cm^(−2))and HER(32 mV@10 mA cm^(−2))in alkaline media.Furthermore,it also shows great application prospect in alkaline freshwater and seawater splitting,as well as solar-to-hydrogen integrated system.This work could provide beneficial enlightenment for the establishment of advanced electrocatalysts with epitaxial heterointerfaces.

Characteristics of traumatic brain injury models:from macroscopic blood flow changes to microscopic mitochondrial changes

Controlled cortical impingement is a widely accepted method to induce traumatic brain injury to establish a traumatic brain injury animal model.A strike depth of 1 mm at a certain speed is recommended for a moderate brain injury and a depth of>2 mm is used to induce severe brain injury.However,the different effects and underlying mechanisms of these two model types have not been proven.This study investigated the changes in cerebral blood flow,differences in the degree of cortical damage,and differences in motor function under different injury parameters of 1 and 2 mm at injury speeds of 3,4,and 5 m/s.We also explored the functional changes and mitochondrial damage between the 1 and 2 mm groups in the acute(7 days)and chronic phases(30 days).The results showed that the cerebral blood flow in the injured area of the 1 mm group was significantly increased,and swelling and bulging of brain tissue,increased vascular permeability,and large-scale exudation occurred.In the 2 mm group,the main pathological changes were decreased cerebral blood flow,brain tissue loss,and cerebral vasospasm occlusion in the injured area.Substantial motor and cognitive impairments were found on day 7 after injury in the 2 mm group;at 30 days after injury,the motor function of the 2 mm group mice recovered significantly while cognitive impairment persisted.Transcriptome sequencing showed that compared with the 1 mm group,the 2 mm group expressed more ferroptosis-related genes.Morphological changes of mitochondria in the two groups on days 7 and 30 using transmission electron microscopy revealed that on day 7,the mitochondria in both groups shrank and the vacuoles became larger;on day 30,the mitochondria in the 1 mm group became larger,and the vacuoles in the 2 mm group remained enlarged.By analyzing the proportion of mitochondrial subgroups in different groups,we found that the model mice had different patterns of mitochondrial composition at different time periods,suggesting that the difference in the degree of damage among traumatic brain injury groups may reflect the mitochondrial changes.Taken together,differences in mitochondrial morphology and function between the 1 and 2 mm groups provide a new direction for the accurate classification of traumatic brain injury.Our results provide reliable data support and evaluation methods for promoting the establishment of standard mouse controlled cortical impingement model guidelines.

输电塔倒塌失效模式和主材角钢加固方法研究

为了提高服役期输电塔抵御极端气象灾害的能力,保证输电线路的安全稳定运行,以220 kV典型输电塔为例,利用有限元方法对其进行了抗风极限承载力研究,分析强风作用下输电塔的倒塌机理和破坏模式。针对输电塔的失效模式,提出了一种输电塔无损加固方案,通过建立不同长细比主材角钢构件的有限元模型,对加固前后主材的轴压承载力进行了数值模拟,并对输电塔整塔薄弱部位主材进行了加固设计,研究了加固后输电塔的极限抗风承载力。研究表明,加固后的主材角钢承载力大幅提升,最高可达37.2%。输电塔的薄弱部位主材加固后的局部刚度提升较大,输电塔的塔顶位移和最大应力与未加固前相比均显著降低,铁塔极限承载力大幅提升,输电塔的设计重要性系数由1.15提升至1.35,提出的加固方法可为同类型输电塔的抗风加固设计提供重要参考。

VAR熔炼纯锆铸锭表面质量控制研究

以实际生产中遇到的纯锆铸锭表面夹层、结疤及冷隔缺陷为出发点,通过数值模拟和工业生产实验相结合的研究方法,确定了较佳的纯锆铸锭真空自耗电弧熔炼(VAR)工艺,明显改善了铸锭的表面质量。研究发现:各熔炼参数主要通过影响熔池形状和坩埚壁附近的熔体温度对铸锭表面质量产生影响;增大熔炼电流可以同时改善熔池到边情况和增加坩埚壁附近熔体的温度;增大稳弧电流和稳弧周期可以促进高温熔体向坩埚壁的运动,使熔池更加饱满,从而提高纯锆铸锭的表面质量。

基于激光雷达的差速AGV精确接驳方法研究

针对差速自动导引车(AGV)在与工作平台横向接驳时停靠间隙过大问题,本文提出了AGV精确接驳方法。该方法采用激光雷达(LiDAR)作为探测装置,对雷达数据进行线段分割后,依据定位的特定角点位置来推算差速AGV位置与姿态信息,结合轨迹规划算法获得精确接驳轨迹,实现差速AGV精确接驳。实验结果表明:该方法在实验环境中更易识别角点特征,定位误差小于0.01 m,能够精确接驳工作平台,验证了本文提出方法的科学性与可行性。

基于大数据的作业许可管理系统升级与应用

本文分析了油气生产企业作业许可管理过程中存在的问题,利用大数据分析技术,引入历史作业风险辨识数据、历史事故案例数据,提出基于大数据的作业许可管理系统升级技术路线,明确了历史数据库表结构,建立了基于作业风险知识库和历史事故案例库的作业许可管理新模式,通过关联分析算法实现了历史数据价值的充分利用,同时为作业许可过程风险的全面辨识提供了充分依据,为切实防范作业过程事故发生有重要意义。

Superelastic Radiative Cooling Metafabric for Comfortable Epidermal Electrophysiological Monitoring

Epidermal electronics with superb passive-cooling capabilities are of great value for both daytime outdoor dressing comfort and low-carbon economy. Herein, a multifunctional and skinattachable electronic is rationally developed on a porous all-elastomer metafabric for efficient passive daytime radiative cooling(PDRC) and human electrophysiological monitoring. The cooling characteristics are realized through the homogeneous impregnation of polytetrafluoroethylene microparticles in the styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene fibers, and the rational regulation of microporosity in SEBS/PTFE metafabrics, thus synergistically backscatter ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared light(maximum reflectance over 98.0%) to minimize heat absorption while efficiently emit human-body midinfrared radiation to the sky. As a result, the developed PDRC metafabric achieves approximately 17℃ cooling effects in an outdoor daytime environment and completely retains its passive cooling performance even under 50% stretching. Further, high-fidelity electrophysiological monitoring capability is also implemented in the breathable and skin-conformal metafabric through liquid metal printing, enabling the accurate acquisition of human electrocardiograph, surface electromyogram, and electroencephalograph signals for comfortable and lengthy health regulation. Hence, the fabricated superelastic PDRC metafabric opens a new avenue for the development of body-comfortable electronics and low-carbon wearing technologies.