Non-fullerene polymer solar cells(NF-PSCs) have gained wide attention recently. Molecular design of non-fullerene electron acceptors effectively promotes the photovoltaic performance of NF-PSCs. However,molecular elec...Non-fullerene polymer solar cells(NF-PSCs) have gained wide attention recently. Molecular design of non-fullerene electron acceptors effectively promotes the photovoltaic performance of NF-PSCs. However,molecular electron acceptors with 2-dimensional(2 D) configuration and conjugation are seldom reported.Herein, we designed and synthesized a series of novel 2 D electron acceptors for efficient NF-PSCs. With rational optimization on the conjugated moieties in both vertical and horizontal direction, these 2 D electron acceptors showed appealing properties, such as good planarity, full-spectrum absorption, high absorption extinction coefficient, and proper blend morphology with donor polymer. A high PCE of 9.76%was achieved for photovoltaic devices with PBDB-T as the donor and these 2 D electron acceptors. It was also found the charge transfer between the conjugated moieties in two directions of these 2 D molecules contributes to the utilization of absorbed photos, resulting in an exceptional EQE of 87% at 730 nm. This work presents rational design guidelines of 2 D electron acceptors, which showed great promise to achieve high-performance non-fullerene polymer solar cells.展开更多
The current lack of high-precision information on subsurface seawater is a constraint in fishery research.Based on Argo temperature and salinity profiles,this study applied the gradient-dependent optimal interpolation...The current lack of high-precision information on subsurface seawater is a constraint in fishery research.Based on Argo temperature and salinity profiles,this study applied the gradient-dependent optimal interpolation to reconstruct daily subsurface oceanic environmental information according to fishery dates and locations.The relationship between subsurface information and matching yellowfin tuna(YFT)in the western and central Pacific Ocean(WCPO)was examined using catch data from January 1,2008 to August 31,2017.The seawater temperature and salinity results showed differences of less than±0.5°C and±0.01 compared with the truth observations respectively.Statistical analysis revealed that the most suitable temperature for YFT fishery was 28–29°C at the near-surface.The most suitable salinity range for YFT fishery was 34.5–36.0 at depths shallower than 300 m.The suitable upper and lower bounds on the depths of the thermocline were 90–100 m and 300–350 m,respectively.The thermocline characteristics were prominent,with a mean temperature gradient exceeding 0.08°C/m.These results indicate that the profiles constructed by gradient-dependent optimal interpolation were more accurate than those of the nearest profiles adopted.展开更多
Argo has become an important constituent of the global ocean observation system.However,due to the lack of sea surface measurements from most Argo profiles,the application of Argo data is still limited.In this study,a...Argo has become an important constituent of the global ocean observation system.However,due to the lack of sea surface measurements from most Argo profiles,the application of Argo data is still limited.In this study,a thermocline model was constructed based on three key thermocline parameters,i.e,thermocline upper depth,the thermocline bottom depth,and thermocline temperature gradient.Following the model,we estimated the sea surface temperature of Argo profiles by providing the relationship between sea surface and subsurface temperature.We tested the effectiveness of our proposed model using statistical analysis and by comparing the sea surface temperature with the results obtained from traditional methods and in situ observations in the Pacific Ocean.The root mean square errors of results obtained from thermocline model were found to be significantly reduced compared to the extrapolation results and satellite retrieved temperature results.The correlation coefficient between the estimation result and in situ observation was 0.967.Argo surface temperature,estimated by the thermocline model,has been theoretically proved to be reliable.Thus,our model generates theoretically feasible data present the mesoscale phenomenon in more detail.Overall,this study compensates for the lack surface observation of Argo,and provides a new tool to establish complete Argo data sets.展开更多
The effect of tire repeated root modal（RRM）on tire modeling with an experimental modal is studied.Firstly,a radial tire with radial and tangential RRMs is tested and analyzed.By multi-point exciting of the radial ti...The effect of tire repeated root modal（RRM）on tire modeling with an experimental modal is studied.Firstly,a radial tire with radial and tangential RRMs is tested and analyzed.By multi-point exciting of the radial tire,a multiple reference frequency domain method based on a least squares（LMS PolyMAX）algorithm is used to identify modal parameters.Then,modal stability diagram（MSD）,modal indication function（MIF）and modal assurance criteria（Auto-MAC）matrix are utilized to induce multiple inputs multiple outputs（MIMO）frequency response function（FRF）matrixes.The tests reveal that notable repeated roots exist in both radial and tangential response modes.Their modal frequencies and damping factors are approximately the same,the amplitudes of modal vectors are in the same order of magnitude,and the mode shapes are orthogonal.Based on the works mentioned,the method of trigonometric series modal shapes fitting is adopted,the effects of RRM model on tire modeling with a vertical experimental modal are discussed.The final results show that the effects of considering the RRM shapes are equivalent to the tire mode shapes depended on rotating the tire’s different exciting points during tire modeling,and since considering the RRM,the tire mode shapes can be unified and fixed during tire modeling.展开更多
High reliability is the key to performance of electrical control equipment. PLC combines computer technology, automatic control technology and communication technology and becomes widely used for automation of industr...High reliability is the key to performance of electrical control equipment. PLC combines computer technology, automatic control technology and communication technology and becomes widely used for automation of industrial processes. Some requirements of complex PLC systems cannot be satisfied by the traditional verification methods. In this paper, an efficient method for the PLC systems modeling and verification is proposed. To ensure the high-speed property of PLC, we proposed a technique of “Time interval model” and “notice-waiting”. It could reduce the state space and make it possible to verify some complex PLC systems. Also, the conversion from the built PLC model to the Promela language is obtained and a tool PLC-Checker for modeling and checking PLC systems are designed. Using PLC-Checker to check a classical PLC example, a counter-example is found. Although the probability of this logic error occurs very small, it could result in system crash fatally.展开更多
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans,abbreviated as T.ferrooxidans is one of the important microorganisms in the field of biological desulfurization.Effects of ferrous iron and sulfur-containing substrates on biological desulfur...Thiobacillus ferrooxidans,abbreviated as T.ferrooxidans is one of the important microorganisms in the field of biological desulfurization.Effects of ferrous iron and sulfur-containing substrates on biological desulfurization of T.ferrooxidans were studied.Results show that in the absence of Fe^(2+),T.ferrooxidans can utilize three kinds of sulfur-containing substrates of Na_(2)S_(2)O_(3),elemental S and Na_(2)SO_(3) for growth and metabolism.For utilization complexity,Na_(2)S_(2)O_(3) was easiest to use,next was elemental S,and Na_(2)SO_(3) was the worst for use.During the utilization of ferrous iron and sulfur-containing substrates by T.ferrooxidans,the iron oxidation system was first started.With the decrease of the Fe^(2+)concentration,the sulfur oxidation system was started,and then the two systems synergistically acted.The presence of three sulfur-containing substrates had different effects on Fe^(2+)oxidation,and elemental S did not inhibit the oxidation of Fe^(2+),while Na_(2)S_(2)O_(3) and Na_(2)SO_(3) had some inhibition on the oxidation of Fe^(2+),especially the inhibition of Na_(2)SO_(3) was significant,and complete oxidation of ferrous iron needed more time.The isolated T.ferrooxidans is applied to the removal of H2S gas,aiming to provide a new technological approach for biological removal of H2S.展开更多
Solid tumor cells live in a highly dynamic mechanical microenvironment.How the extracellular-matrix-generated mechanotransduction regulates tumor cell development and differentiation remains an enigma.Here,we show tha...Solid tumor cells live in a highly dynamic mechanical microenvironment.How the extracellular-matrix-generated mechanotransduction regulates tumor cell development and differentiation remains an enigma.Here,we show that a low mechanical force generated from the soft matrix induces dedifferentiation of moderately stiff tumor cells to soft stem-cell-like cells.Mechanistically,integrin?was identified to transduce mechano-signaling to trigger tumor cell dedifferentiation by recruiting RhoGDI1 to inactivate RhoA and subsequently Yes-associated protein(YAP).YAP inactivation relieved the inhibition of v-maf avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog G(MAFG),allowing MAFG to transactivate the stemness genes NANOG,SOX2,and NESTIN.Inactivation also restoredβ8 expression,thereby forming a closed mechanical loop.Importantly,MAFG expression is correlated with worse prognosis.Our findings provide mechanical insights into the regulation of tumor cell dedifferentiation,which has therapeutic implications for exploring innovative strategies to attack malignancies.展开更多
This study examined the geochemical features of pore water in the diapiric area of the Yinggehai Basin, northwestern South China Sea, and illuminated the origin and evolution of basin fluids. Pore water with low salin...This study examined the geochemical features of pore water in the diapiric area of the Yinggehai Basin, northwestern South China Sea, and illuminated the origin and evolution of basin fluids. Pore water with low salinity occurs in marine sediments in the diapiric area even without meteoric water infiltration. The presence of low-salinity water within deep, overpressured compartments is assumed to be due to smectite-illite transformation. Howerver, in shallow portions（less than 2 000 m） of diapiric areas with normal pressure, pore water has a much wider variation and much lower salinity than that in the overpressured intervals. Its total dissolved solid（TDS） content is ~5 336 to 35 939 mg/L. Moreover, smectite and chlorite content sharply decreases as kaolinite and illite content increase in shallower intervals. The geochemical variation of pore water in diapiric structures indicates the expulsion of low-salinity, overpressured fluids along vertical faults. Strong injection of hot fluids from deep overpressured sediments results in rapid clay mineral transformation in shallow reservoirs. Consequently, fluid mixing due to fluid expulsion from deeper overpressured deposits leads to variation in salinity and ionic composition as well as some diagenetic reactions. This includes transformation of clay minerals caused by the higher temperatur of deeper hot fluids, e.g., the transfromation of smectite to illite and chlorite to kaolinite. Therefore, variations in salinity and ionic compositions in various pressured systems provide a clue to flow pathways and associated diagenetic reactions.展开更多
The in-wheel motor(IWM)-driven electric vehicles(EVs)attract increasing attention due to their advantages in dimensions and controllability.The majority of the current studies on IWM are carried out with the assumptio...The in-wheel motor(IWM)-driven electric vehicles(EVs)attract increasing attention due to their advantages in dimensions and controllability.The majority of the current studies on IWM are carried out with the assumption of an ideal actuator,in which the coupling effects between the non-ideal IWM and vehicle are ignored.This paper uses the braking process as an example to investigate the longitudinal-vertical dynamics of IWM-driven EVs while considering the mechanical-electrical coupling effect.First,a nonlinear switched reluctance motor model is developed,and the unbalanced electric magnetic force(UEMF)induced by static and dynamic mixed eccentricity is analyzed.Then,the UEMF is decomposed into longitudinal and vertical directions and included in the longitudinal-vertical vehicle dynamics.The coupling dynamics are demonstrated under different vehicle braking scenarios;numerical simulations are carried out for various road grades,road friction,and vehicle velocities.A novel dynamics vibration absorbing system is adopted to improve the vehicle dynamics.Finally,the simulation results show that vehicle vertical dynamic performance is enhanced.展开更多
Distributed-drive electric vehicles(EVs)replace internal combustion engine with multiple motors,and the novel configura-tion results in new dynamic-related issues.This paper studies the coupling effects between the pa...Distributed-drive electric vehicles(EVs)replace internal combustion engine with multiple motors,and the novel configura-tion results in new dynamic-related issues.This paper studies the coupling effects between the parameters and responses of dynamic vibration-absorbing structures(DVAS)for EVs driven by in-wheel motors(IWM).Firstly,a DVAS-based quarter suspension model is developed for distributed-drive EVs,from which nine parameters and five responses are selected for the coupling effect analysis.A two-stage global sensitivity analysis is then utilized to investigate the effect of each parameter on the responses.The control of the system is then converted into a multiobjective optimization problem with the defined system parameters being the optimization variables,and three dynamic limitations regarding both motor and suspension subsystems are taken as the constraints.A particle swarm optimization approach is then used to either improve ride comfort or mitigate IWM vibration,and two optimized parameter sets for these two objects are provided at last.Simulation results provide in-depth conclusions for the coupling effects between parameters and responses,as well as a guideline on how to design system parameters for contradictory objectives.It can be concluded that either passenger comfort or motor lifespan can be reduced up to 36%and 15%by properly changing the IWM suspension system parameters.展开更多
Exploring the cross-talk between the immune system and advanced biomaterials to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection is a promising strategy.Here,we show that ACE2-overexpressing A549 cell-derived microparticles(AO-MPs)are a po...Exploring the cross-talk between the immune system and advanced biomaterials to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection is a promising strategy.Here,we show that ACE2-overexpressing A549 cell-derived microparticles(AO-MPs)are a potential therapeutic agent against SARS-CoV-2 infection.Intranasally administered AO-MPs dexterously navigate the anatomical and biological features of the lungs to enter the alveoli and are taken up by alveolar macrophages(AMs).Then,AO-MPs increase the endosomal pH but decrease the lysosomal pH in AMs,thus escorting bound SARS-CoV-2 from phago-endosomes to lysosomes for degradation.This pH regulation is attributable to oxidized cholesterol,which is enriched in AO-MPs and translocated to endosomal membranes,thus interfering with proton pumps and impairing endosomal acidification.In addition to promoting viral degradation,AO-MPs also inhibit the proinflammatory phenotype of AMs,leading to increased treatment efficacy in a SARS-CoV-2-infected mouse model without side effects.These findings highlight the potential use of AO-MPs to treat SARS-CoV-2-infected patients and showcase the feasibility of MP therapies for combatting emerging respiratory viruses in the future.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2019YFA0705900) funded by MOSTthe Basic and Applied Basic Research Major Program of Guangdong Province (No. 2019B030302007)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51521002)。
文摘Non-fullerene polymer solar cells(NF-PSCs) have gained wide attention recently. Molecular design of non-fullerene electron acceptors effectively promotes the photovoltaic performance of NF-PSCs. However,molecular electron acceptors with 2-dimensional(2 D) configuration and conjugation are seldom reported.Herein, we designed and synthesized a series of novel 2 D electron acceptors for efficient NF-PSCs. With rational optimization on the conjugated moieties in both vertical and horizontal direction, these 2 D electron acceptors showed appealing properties, such as good planarity, full-spectrum absorption, high absorption extinction coefficient, and proper blend morphology with donor polymer. A high PCE of 9.76%was achieved for photovoltaic devices with PBDB-T as the donor and these 2 D electron acceptors. It was also found the charge transfer between the conjugated moieties in two directions of these 2 D molecules contributes to the utilization of absorbed photos, resulting in an exceptional EQE of 87% at 730 nm. This work presents rational design guidelines of 2 D electron acceptors, which showed great promise to achieve high-performance non-fullerene polymer solar cells.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.4210060098the Foundation of Key Laboratory of Sustainable Exploitation of Oceanic Fisheries Resources under contract No.A1-2006-21-200201.
文摘The current lack of high-precision information on subsurface seawater is a constraint in fishery research.Based on Argo temperature and salinity profiles,this study applied the gradient-dependent optimal interpolation to reconstruct daily subsurface oceanic environmental information according to fishery dates and locations.The relationship between subsurface information and matching yellowfin tuna(YFT)in the western and central Pacific Ocean(WCPO)was examined using catch data from January 1,2008 to August 31,2017.The seawater temperature and salinity results showed differences of less than±0.5°C and±0.01 compared with the truth observations respectively.Statistical analysis revealed that the most suitable temperature for YFT fishery was 28–29°C at the near-surface.The most suitable salinity range for YFT fishery was 34.5–36.0 at depths shallower than 300 m.The suitable upper and lower bounds on the depths of the thermocline were 90–100 m and 300–350 m,respectively.The thermocline characteristics were prominent,with a mean temperature gradient exceeding 0.08°C/m.These results indicate that the profiles constructed by gradient-dependent optimal interpolation were more accurate than those of the nearest profiles adopted.
基金This research was funded by the National Nature Foundation nos.4210060098,the Argo buoy project under Grant D-8006-21-0082the Foundation of Key Laboratory of ocean fishery development under Grant A1-2006-21-200201the Foundation of fishery resources Comprehensive Scientific Surveys in the Northwest Pacific D-8021-21-0109-01.
文摘Argo has become an important constituent of the global ocean observation system.However,due to the lack of sea surface measurements from most Argo profiles,the application of Argo data is still limited.In this study,a thermocline model was constructed based on three key thermocline parameters,i.e,thermocline upper depth,the thermocline bottom depth,and thermocline temperature gradient.Following the model,we estimated the sea surface temperature of Argo profiles by providing the relationship between sea surface and subsurface temperature.We tested the effectiveness of our proposed model using statistical analysis and by comparing the sea surface temperature with the results obtained from traditional methods and in situ observations in the Pacific Ocean.The root mean square errors of results obtained from thermocline model were found to be significantly reduced compared to the extrapolation results and satellite retrieved temperature results.The correlation coefficient between the estimation result and in situ observation was 0.967.Argo surface temperature,estimated by the thermocline model,has been theoretically proved to be reliable.Thus,our model generates theoretically feasible data present the mesoscale phenomenon in more detail.Overall,this study compensates for the lack surface observation of Argo,and provides a new tool to establish complete Argo data sets.
文摘The effect of tire repeated root modal（RRM）on tire modeling with an experimental modal is studied.Firstly,a radial tire with radial and tangential RRMs is tested and analyzed.By multi-point exciting of the radial tire,a multiple reference frequency domain method based on a least squares（LMS PolyMAX）algorithm is used to identify modal parameters.Then,modal stability diagram（MSD）,modal indication function（MIF）and modal assurance criteria（Auto-MAC）matrix are utilized to induce multiple inputs multiple outputs（MIMO）frequency response function（FRF）matrixes.The tests reveal that notable repeated roots exist in both radial and tangential response modes.Their modal frequencies and damping factors are approximately the same,the amplitudes of modal vectors are in the same order of magnitude,and the mode shapes are orthogonal.Based on the works mentioned,the method of trigonometric series modal shapes fitting is adopted,the effects of RRM model on tire modeling with a vertical experimental modal are discussed.The final results show that the effects of considering the RRM shapes are equivalent to the tire mode shapes depended on rotating the tire’s different exciting points during tire modeling,and since considering the RRM,the tire mode shapes can be unified and fixed during tire modeling.
文摘High reliability is the key to performance of electrical control equipment. PLC combines computer technology, automatic control technology and communication technology and becomes widely used for automation of industrial processes. Some requirements of complex PLC systems cannot be satisfied by the traditional verification methods. In this paper, an efficient method for the PLC systems modeling and verification is proposed. To ensure the high-speed property of PLC, we proposed a technique of “Time interval model” and “notice-waiting”. It could reduce the state space and make it possible to verify some complex PLC systems. Also, the conversion from the built PLC model to the Promela language is obtained and a tool PLC-Checker for modeling and checking PLC systems are designed. Using PLC-Checker to check a classical PLC example, a counter-example is found. Although the probability of this logic error occurs very small, it could result in system crash fatally.
基金financially supported by the Research Initiation Fund of Henan Finance University(Grant No.2022BS013).
文摘Thiobacillus ferrooxidans,abbreviated as T.ferrooxidans is one of the important microorganisms in the field of biological desulfurization.Effects of ferrous iron and sulfur-containing substrates on biological desulfurization of T.ferrooxidans were studied.Results show that in the absence of Fe^(2+),T.ferrooxidans can utilize three kinds of sulfur-containing substrates of Na_(2)S_(2)O_(3),elemental S and Na_(2)SO_(3) for growth and metabolism.For utilization complexity,Na_(2)S_(2)O_(3) was easiest to use,next was elemental S,and Na_(2)SO_(3) was the worst for use.During the utilization of ferrous iron and sulfur-containing substrates by T.ferrooxidans,the iron oxidation system was first started.With the decrease of the Fe^(2+)concentration,the sulfur oxidation system was started,and then the two systems synergistically acted.The presence of three sulfur-containing substrates had different effects on Fe^(2+)oxidation,and elemental S did not inhibit the oxidation of Fe^(2+),while Na_(2)S_(2)O_(3) and Na_(2)SO_(3) had some inhibition on the oxidation of Fe^(2+),especially the inhibition of Na_(2)SO_(3) was significant,and complete oxidation of ferrous iron needed more time.The isolated T.ferrooxidans is applied to the removal of H2S gas,aiming to provide a new technological approach for biological removal of H2S.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China grant nos.82388201 to B.H.and 82003145 to J.L.Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem Innovation Fund grant no.22HHXBSS00009 to B.H.+1 种基金National Key Research and Development Program of China grant no.2022YFA1206000CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(CIFMS)grant nos.2021-I2M-1-021 and 2022-I2M-JB-008 to B.H.
文摘Solid tumor cells live in a highly dynamic mechanical microenvironment.How the extracellular-matrix-generated mechanotransduction regulates tumor cell development and differentiation remains an enigma.Here,we show that a low mechanical force generated from the soft matrix induces dedifferentiation of moderately stiff tumor cells to soft stem-cell-like cells.Mechanistically,integrin?was identified to transduce mechano-signaling to trigger tumor cell dedifferentiation by recruiting RhoGDI1 to inactivate RhoA and subsequently Yes-associated protein(YAP).YAP inactivation relieved the inhibition of v-maf avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog G(MAFG),allowing MAFG to transactivate the stemness genes NANOG,SOX2,and NESTIN.Inactivation also restoredβ8 expression,thereby forming a closed mechanical loop.Importantly,MAFG expression is correlated with worse prognosis.Our findings provide mechanical insights into the regulation of tumor cell dedifferentiation,which has therapeutic implications for exploring innovative strategies to attack malignancies.
基金the projects the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 91028009, 41476032 and 40806019)the Special Foundation for State Major Basic Research Program of China (No. 2011ZX05025-0020-020-03)
文摘This study examined the geochemical features of pore water in the diapiric area of the Yinggehai Basin, northwestern South China Sea, and illuminated the origin and evolution of basin fluids. Pore water with low salinity occurs in marine sediments in the diapiric area even without meteoric water infiltration. The presence of low-salinity water within deep, overpressured compartments is assumed to be due to smectite-illite transformation. Howerver, in shallow portions（less than 2 000 m） of diapiric areas with normal pressure, pore water has a much wider variation and much lower salinity than that in the overpressured intervals. Its total dissolved solid（TDS） content is ~5 336 to 35 939 mg/L. Moreover, smectite and chlorite content sharply decreases as kaolinite and illite content increase in shallower intervals. The geochemical variation of pore water in diapiric structures indicates the expulsion of low-salinity, overpressured fluids along vertical faults. Strong injection of hot fluids from deep overpressured sediments results in rapid clay mineral transformation in shallow reservoirs. Consequently, fluid mixing due to fluid expulsion from deeper overpressured deposits leads to variation in salinity and ionic composition as well as some diagenetic reactions. This includes transformation of clay minerals caused by the higher temperatur of deeper hot fluids, e.g., the transfromation of smectite to illite and chlorite to kaolinite. Therefore, variations in salinity and ionic compositions in various pressured systems provide a clue to flow pathways and associated diagenetic reactions.
基金This study is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 51805028,in part by the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program funded by the China Society of Automotive Engineers,and in part by the Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholars.
文摘The in-wheel motor(IWM)-driven electric vehicles(EVs)attract increasing attention due to their advantages in dimensions and controllability.The majority of the current studies on IWM are carried out with the assumption of an ideal actuator,in which the coupling effects between the non-ideal IWM and vehicle are ignored.This paper uses the braking process as an example to investigate the longitudinal-vertical dynamics of IWM-driven EVs while considering the mechanical-electrical coupling effect.First,a nonlinear switched reluctance motor model is developed,and the unbalanced electric magnetic force(UEMF)induced by static and dynamic mixed eccentricity is analyzed.Then,the UEMF is decomposed into longitudinal and vertical directions and included in the longitudinal-vertical vehicle dynamics.The coupling dynamics are demonstrated under different vehicle braking scenarios;numerical simulations are carried out for various road grades,road friction,and vehicle velocities.A novel dynamics vibration absorbing system is adopted to improve the vehicle dynamics.Finally,the simulation results show that vehicle vertical dynamic performance is enhanced.
基金This study was supported by Young Scientists Fund(Grant No.51805028)Postdoctoral Research Foundation of China(Grant No.BX201600017).
文摘Distributed-drive electric vehicles(EVs)replace internal combustion engine with multiple motors,and the novel configura-tion results in new dynamic-related issues.This paper studies the coupling effects between the parameters and responses of dynamic vibration-absorbing structures(DVAS)for EVs driven by in-wheel motors(IWM).Firstly,a DVAS-based quarter suspension model is developed for distributed-drive EVs,from which nine parameters and five responses are selected for the coupling effect analysis.A two-stage global sensitivity analysis is then utilized to investigate the effect of each parameter on the responses.The control of the system is then converted into a multiobjective optimization problem with the defined system parameters being the optimization variables,and three dynamic limitations regarding both motor and suspension subsystems are taken as the constraints.A particle swarm optimization approach is then used to either improve ride comfort or mitigate IWM vibration,and two optimized parameter sets for these two objects are provided at last.Simulation results provide in-depth conclusions for the coupling effects between parameters and responses,as well as a guideline on how to design system parameters for contradictory objectives.It can be concluded that either passenger comfort or motor lifespan can be reduced up to 36%and 15%by properly changing the IWM suspension system parameters.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81788101,91942314)CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(CIFMS)(2021-I2M-1-021).
文摘Exploring the cross-talk between the immune system and advanced biomaterials to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection is a promising strategy.Here,we show that ACE2-overexpressing A549 cell-derived microparticles(AO-MPs)are a potential therapeutic agent against SARS-CoV-2 infection.Intranasally administered AO-MPs dexterously navigate the anatomical and biological features of the lungs to enter the alveoli and are taken up by alveolar macrophages(AMs).Then,AO-MPs increase the endosomal pH but decrease the lysosomal pH in AMs,thus escorting bound SARS-CoV-2 from phago-endosomes to lysosomes for degradation.This pH regulation is attributable to oxidized cholesterol,which is enriched in AO-MPs and translocated to endosomal membranes,thus interfering with proton pumps and impairing endosomal acidification.In addition to promoting viral degradation,AO-MPs also inhibit the proinflammatory phenotype of AMs,leading to increased treatment efficacy in a SARS-CoV-2-infected mouse model without side effects.These findings highlight the potential use of AO-MPs to treat SARS-CoV-2-infected patients and showcase the feasibility of MP therapies for combatting emerging respiratory viruses in the future.
