Under the influence of concentrated and extended urbanization,Andean cities and the different altitudinal zones of their“hinterlands”are experiencing profound changes in land cover—from the central plazas up to the...Under the influence of concentrated and extended urbanization,Andean cities and the different altitudinal zones of their“hinterlands”are experiencing profound changes in land cover—from the central plazas up to the highest peaks.The complex regional-geographic characteristics of these socioecological systems,such as the vertical complementarity of land use,require a montological perspective on verticality and urbanization:it transcends disciplinary approaches and can be crucial to properly interpret the trajectories of land cover change and formulate hypotheses for future practiceoriented research.Which trajectories of land cover change characterized altitudinal zones of Andean cities and their surroundings over the last three decades?Are there similarities that allow for the formulation of more general hypotheses?Using the Peruvian cases of Cusco and Huaraz,and combining a traditional altitudinal zonation model of land use in Peru with direct field observations and GIS-based analyses of remotely sensed data from 1991,2001,2011,and 2021,this study identifies the main trajectories of land cover change in the Quechua(>2300–3500 m),Suni(>3500–4000 m),and Puna(>4000–4800 m)regions—and finds insightful similarities between Cusco and Huaraz:(1)an impressive area of built-up land substitutes grassland in the Quechua,which,following regional altitudinal zonation models,is characterized by irrigated and rain-fed cropland;(2)an unexpected expansion of irrigated cropland takes place in the Suni,which,in theory,often lacks irrigation infrastructure and is mostly used for rain-fed tuber cultivation;and(3)a clear change from“other land”to grassland occurs in the Puna—where grassland is thought to predominate,anyway,since pre-Hispanic times.Hypothesizing that these changes reflect the interplay between speculative fallow,agricultural intensification,and ecological restoration,the results can be read as vertically complementary,local manifestations of concentrated and extended urbanization in a formerly peripheral mountain region of the Global South—and they underscore the need to overcome mental city-mountain dichotomies for a socially inclusive and ecologically balanced Andean development between plaza and peak.展开更多
040749 秘鲁亚马逊河的商业渔业=The commercial fishery of the Peruvian Amazon [刊,英]/Marcos Javier De Jesus,Kohler C C//Fish..-2004,29(4).-10～16 由于人口增长带来捕捞需求增加,而先进捕捞设施的增加使人们对秘鲁亚马逊河的...040749 秘鲁亚马逊河的商业渔业=The commercial fishery of the Peruvian Amazon [刊,英]/Marcos Javier De Jesus,Kohler C C//Fish..-2004,29(4).-10～16 由于人口增长带来捕捞需求增加,而先进捕捞设施的增加使人们对秘鲁亚马逊河的鱼类种群的持续发展越来越关注。该文调查了秘鲁渔业管理部门的官员、渔业企业和个体渔业,并查阅了有关的出版物(用西班牙、葡萄牙或英语著述),评估了该河商业渔业的状况。根据鱼的个体趋向小型化和捕捞努力量的不断加大,认为亚马逊河渔业已处于过渡捕捞状态,极需采取保护措施。图6表3参32(马正)展开更多
基金funded in whole,or in part,by the Austrian Science Fund(FWF)(P 31855-G)。
文摘Under the influence of concentrated and extended urbanization,Andean cities and the different altitudinal zones of their“hinterlands”are experiencing profound changes in land cover—from the central plazas up to the highest peaks.The complex regional-geographic characteristics of these socioecological systems,such as the vertical complementarity of land use,require a montological perspective on verticality and urbanization:it transcends disciplinary approaches and can be crucial to properly interpret the trajectories of land cover change and formulate hypotheses for future practiceoriented research.Which trajectories of land cover change characterized altitudinal zones of Andean cities and their surroundings over the last three decades?Are there similarities that allow for the formulation of more general hypotheses?Using the Peruvian cases of Cusco and Huaraz,and combining a traditional altitudinal zonation model of land use in Peru with direct field observations and GIS-based analyses of remotely sensed data from 1991,2001,2011,and 2021,this study identifies the main trajectories of land cover change in the Quechua(>2300–3500 m),Suni(>3500–4000 m),and Puna(>4000–4800 m)regions—and finds insightful similarities between Cusco and Huaraz:(1)an impressive area of built-up land substitutes grassland in the Quechua,which,following regional altitudinal zonation models,is characterized by irrigated and rain-fed cropland;(2)an unexpected expansion of irrigated cropland takes place in the Suni,which,in theory,often lacks irrigation infrastructure and is mostly used for rain-fed tuber cultivation;and(3)a clear change from“other land”to grassland occurs in the Puna—where grassland is thought to predominate,anyway,since pre-Hispanic times.Hypothesizing that these changes reflect the interplay between speculative fallow,agricultural intensification,and ecological restoration,the results can be read as vertically complementary,local manifestations of concentrated and extended urbanization in a formerly peripheral mountain region of the Global South—and they underscore the need to overcome mental city-mountain dichotomies for a socially inclusive and ecologically balanced Andean development between plaza and peak.
文摘040749 秘鲁亚马逊河的商业渔业=The commercial fishery of the Peruvian Amazon [刊,英]/Marcos Javier De Jesus,Kohler C C//Fish..-2004,29(4).-10～16 由于人口增长带来捕捞需求增加,而先进捕捞设施的增加使人们对秘鲁亚马逊河的鱼类种群的持续发展越来越关注。该文调查了秘鲁渔业管理部门的官员、渔业企业和个体渔业,并查阅了有关的出版物(用西班牙、葡萄牙或英语著述),评估了该河商业渔业的状况。根据鱼的个体趋向小型化和捕捞努力量的不断加大,认为亚马逊河渔业已处于过渡捕捞状态,极需采取保护措施。图6表3参32(马正)
