The exploration of exotic shapes and properties of atomic nuclei,e.g.,αcluster and toroidal shape,is a fascinating field in nuclear physics.To study the decay of these nuclei,a novel detector aimed at detecting multi...The exploration of exotic shapes and properties of atomic nuclei,e.g.,αcluster and toroidal shape,is a fascinating field in nuclear physics.To study the decay of these nuclei,a novel detector aimed at detecting multipleα-particle events was designed and constructed.The detector comprises two layers of double-sided silicon strip detectors(DSSD)and a cesium iodide scintillator array coupled with silicon photomultipliers array as light sensors,which has the advantages of their small size,fast response,and large dynamic range.DSSDs coupled with cesium iodide crystal arrays are used to distinguish multipleαhits.The detector array has a compact and integrated design that can be adapted to different experimental conditions.The detector array was simulated using Geant4,and the excitation energy spectra of someα-clustering nuclei were reconstructed to demonstrate the performance.The simulation results show that the detector array has excellent angular and energy resolutions,enabling effective reconstruction of the nuclear excited state by multipleαparticle events.This detector offers a new and powerful tool for nuclear physics experiments and has the potential to discover interesting physical phenomena related to exotic nuclear structures and their decay mechanisms.展开更多
DD4hep serves as a generic detector description toolkit recommended for offline software development in next-generation high-energy physics(HEP)experiments.Conversely,Filmbox(FBX)stands out as a widely used 3D modelin...DD4hep serves as a generic detector description toolkit recommended for offline software development in next-generation high-energy physics(HEP)experiments.Conversely,Filmbox(FBX)stands out as a widely used 3D modeling file format within the 3D software industry.In this paper,we introduce a novel method that can automatically convert complex HEP detector geometries from DD4hep description into 3D models in the FBX format.The feasibility of this method was dem-onstrated by its application to the DD4hep description of the Compact Linear Collider detector and several sub-detectors of the super Tau-Charm facility and circular electron-positron collider experiments.The automatic DD4hep–FBX detector conversion interface provides convenience for further development of applications,such as detector design,simulation,visualization,data monitoring,and outreach,in HEP experiments.展开更多
Topmetal-M2 is a large-area pixel sensor chip fabricated using the GSMC 130 nm CMOS process in 2021.The pixel array of Topmetal-M2 consists of pixels of 400 rows×512 columns with a pixel pitch of 45μm×45μm...Topmetal-M2 is a large-area pixel sensor chip fabricated using the GSMC 130 nm CMOS process in 2021.The pixel array of Topmetal-M2 consists of pixels of 400 rows×512 columns with a pixel pitch of 45μm×45μm.The array is divided into 16 subarrays,with pixels of 400 rows×32 columns per subarray.Each pixel incorporates two charge sensors:a diode sensor and a Topmetal sensor.The in-pixel circuit primarily consists of a charge-sensitive amplifier for energy measurements,a discriminator with a peak-holding circuit,and a time-to-amplitude converter for time-of-arrival measurements.The pixel of Topmetal-M2 has a charge input range of~0-3 k e-,a voltage output range of~0-180 mV,and a charge-voltage conversion gain of~59.56μV∕e-.The average equivalent noise charge of Topmetal-M2,which includes the readout electronic system noise,is~43.45 e-.In the scanning mode,the time resolution of Topmetal-M2 is 1 LSB=1.25μs,and the precision is^()7.41μs.At an operating voltage of 1.5 V,Topmetal-M2 has a power consumption of~49 mW∕cm~2.In this article,we provide a comprehensive overview of the chip architecture,pixel working principles,and functional behavior of Topmetal-M2.Furthermore,we present the results of preliminary tests conducted on Topmetal-M2,namely,alpha-particle and soft X-ray tests.展开更多
The sPHENIX experiment is a new generation of large acceptance detectors at the relativistic heavy ion collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory,with scientific goals focusing on probing the strongly interacting Quar...The sPHENIX experiment is a new generation of large acceptance detectors at the relativistic heavy ion collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory,with scientific goals focusing on probing the strongly interacting Quark–Gluon plasma with hard probes of jets,open heavy flavor particles,andγproduction.The EMCal detector,which covers the pseudo-rapidity region of|η|≤1.1,is an essential subsystem of sPHENIX.In this study,we focused on producing and testing EMCal blocks covering a pseudo-rapidity of|η|∈[0.8,1.1].These,in conjunction with the central pseudo-rapidity EMCal blocks,significantly enhance the sPHENIX physics capability of the jet andγparticle measurements.In this paper,the detector module production and testing of sPHENIX W-powder/scintillating fiber(W/ScFi)electromagnetic calorimeter blocks are presented.The selection of the tungsten powder,mold fabrication,QA procedures,and cosmic ray test results are discussed.展开更多
The reconstruction of the tracks of charged particles with high precision is crucial for HEP experiments to achieve their physics goals.The BESⅢdrift chamber,which is used as the tracking detector of the BESⅢexperim...The reconstruction of the tracks of charged particles with high precision is crucial for HEP experiments to achieve their physics goals.The BESⅢdrift chamber,which is used as the tracking detector of the BESⅢexperiment,has suffered from aging effects resulting in degraded tracking performance after operation for approximately 15 years.To preserve and enhance the tracking performance of BESⅢ,one of the proposals is to add one layer of a thin cylindrical CMOS pixel sensor based on state-of-the-art stitching technology between the beam pipe and the drift chamber.The improvement in the tracking performance of BESⅢwith such an additional pixel detector compared to that with only the existing drift chamber was studied using the modern common tracking software Acts,which provides a set of detector-agnostic and highly performant tracking algorithms that have demonstrated promising performance for a few high-energy physics and nuclear physics experiments.展开更多
The object detectors can precisely detect the camouflaged object beyond human perception.The investigations reveal that the CNNs-based(Convolution Neural Networks)detectors are vulnerable to adversarial attacks.Some w...The object detectors can precisely detect the camouflaged object beyond human perception.The investigations reveal that the CNNs-based(Convolution Neural Networks)detectors are vulnerable to adversarial attacks.Some works can fool detectors by crafting the adversarial camouflage attached to the object,leading to wrong prediction.It is hard for military operations to utilize the existing adversarial camouflage due to its conspicuous appearance.Motivated by this,this paper proposes the Dual Attribute Adversarial Camouflage(DAAC)for evading the detection by both detectors and humans.Generating DAAC includes two steps:(1)Extracting features from a specific type of scene to generate individual soldier digital camouflage;(2)Attaching the adversarial patch with scene features constraint to the individual soldier digital camouflage to generate the adversarial attribute of DAAC.The visual effects of the individual soldier digital camouflage and the adversarial patch will be improved after integrating with the scene features.Experiment results show that objects camouflaged by DAAC are well integrated with background and achieve visual concealment while remaining effective in fooling object detectors,thus evading the detections by both detectors and humans in the digital domain.This work can serve as the reference for crafting the adversarial camouflage in the physical world.展开更多
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB34030000)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFA1602404)+1 种基金National Natural Science Foundation(Nos.U1832129 and 11975210)Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(No.2017309)。
文摘The exploration of exotic shapes and properties of atomic nuclei,e.g.,αcluster and toroidal shape,is a fascinating field in nuclear physics.To study the decay of these nuclei,a novel detector aimed at detecting multipleα-particle events was designed and constructed.The detector comprises two layers of double-sided silicon strip detectors(DSSD)and a cesium iodide scintillator array coupled with silicon photomultipliers array as light sensors,which has the advantages of their small size,fast response,and large dynamic range.DSSDs coupled with cesium iodide crystal arrays are used to distinguish multipleαhits.The detector array has a compact and integrated design that can be adapted to different experimental conditions.The detector array was simulated using Geant4,and the excitation energy spectra of someα-clustering nuclei were reconstructed to demonstrate the performance.The simulation results show that the detector array has excellent angular and energy resolutions,enabling effective reconstruction of the nuclear excited state by multipleαparticle events.This detector offers a new and powerful tool for nuclear physics experiments and has the potential to discover interesting physical phenomena related to exotic nuclear structures and their decay mechanisms.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12175321,11975021,11675275,and U1932101)National Key Research and Development Program of China(Nos.2023YFA1606000 and 2020YFA0406400)+2 种基金State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology,Peking University(Nos.NPT2020KFY04 and NPT2020KFY05)Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA10010900)National College Students Science and Technology Innovation Project,and Undergraduate Base Scientific Research Project of Sun Yat-sen University。
文摘DD4hep serves as a generic detector description toolkit recommended for offline software development in next-generation high-energy physics(HEP)experiments.Conversely,Filmbox(FBX)stands out as a widely used 3D modeling file format within the 3D software industry.In this paper,we introduce a novel method that can automatically convert complex HEP detector geometries from DD4hep description into 3D models in the FBX format.The feasibility of this method was dem-onstrated by its application to the DD4hep description of the Compact Linear Collider detector and several sub-detectors of the super Tau-Charm facility and circular electron-positron collider experiments.The automatic DD4hep–FBX detector conversion interface provides convenience for further development of applications,such as detector design,simulation,visualization,data monitoring,and outreach,in HEP experiments.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2020YFE0202002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11875146 and U1932143)。
文摘Topmetal-M2 is a large-area pixel sensor chip fabricated using the GSMC 130 nm CMOS process in 2021.The pixel array of Topmetal-M2 consists of pixels of 400 rows×512 columns with a pixel pitch of 45μm×45μm.The array is divided into 16 subarrays,with pixels of 400 rows×32 columns per subarray.Each pixel incorporates two charge sensors:a diode sensor and a Topmetal sensor.The in-pixel circuit primarily consists of a charge-sensitive amplifier for energy measurements,a discriminator with a peak-holding circuit,and a time-to-amplitude converter for time-of-arrival measurements.The pixel of Topmetal-M2 has a charge input range of~0-3 k e-,a voltage output range of~0-180 mV,and a charge-voltage conversion gain of~59.56μV∕e-.The average equivalent noise charge of Topmetal-M2,which includes the readout electronic system noise,is~43.45 e-.In the scanning mode,the time resolution of Topmetal-M2 is 1 LSB=1.25μs,and the precision is^()7.41μs.At an operating voltage of 1.5 V,Topmetal-M2 has a power consumption of~49 mW∕cm~2.In this article,we provide a comprehensive overview of the chip architecture,pixel working principles,and functional behavior of Topmetal-M2.Furthermore,we present the results of preliminary tests conducted on Topmetal-M2,namely,alpha-particle and soft X-ray tests.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Nos.2019YFE0114300 and 2022YFA1604900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.11905036)+1 种基金the STCSM(No.23590780100)the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDB34030200)。
文摘The sPHENIX experiment is a new generation of large acceptance detectors at the relativistic heavy ion collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory,with scientific goals focusing on probing the strongly interacting Quark–Gluon plasma with hard probes of jets,open heavy flavor particles,andγproduction.The EMCal detector,which covers the pseudo-rapidity region of|η|≤1.1,is an essential subsystem of sPHENIX.In this study,we focused on producing and testing EMCal blocks covering a pseudo-rapidity of|η|∈[0.8,1.1].These,in conjunction with the central pseudo-rapidity EMCal blocks,significantly enhance the sPHENIX physics capability of the jet andγparticle measurements.In this paper,the detector module production and testing of sPHENIX W-powder/scintillating fiber(W/ScFi)electromagnetic calorimeter blocks are presented.The selection of the tungsten powder,mold fabrication,QA procedures,and cosmic ray test results are discussed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U2032203,12275296,12275297,12075142,12175256,12035009)National Key R&D Program of China(No.2020YFA0406302)。
文摘The reconstruction of the tracks of charged particles with high precision is crucial for HEP experiments to achieve their physics goals.The BESⅢdrift chamber,which is used as the tracking detector of the BESⅢexperiment,has suffered from aging effects resulting in degraded tracking performance after operation for approximately 15 years.To preserve and enhance the tracking performance of BESⅢ,one of the proposals is to add one layer of a thin cylindrical CMOS pixel sensor based on state-of-the-art stitching technology between the beam pipe and the drift chamber.The improvement in the tracking performance of BESⅢwith such an additional pixel detector compared to that with only the existing drift chamber was studied using the modern common tracking software Acts,which provides a set of detector-agnostic and highly performant tracking algorithms that have demonstrated promising performance for a few high-energy physics and nuclear physics experiments.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 61801512,grant number 62071484)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(grant number BK20180080)to provide fund for conducting experiments。
文摘The object detectors can precisely detect the camouflaged object beyond human perception.The investigations reveal that the CNNs-based(Convolution Neural Networks)detectors are vulnerable to adversarial attacks.Some works can fool detectors by crafting the adversarial camouflage attached to the object,leading to wrong prediction.It is hard for military operations to utilize the existing adversarial camouflage due to its conspicuous appearance.Motivated by this,this paper proposes the Dual Attribute Adversarial Camouflage(DAAC)for evading the detection by both detectors and humans.Generating DAAC includes two steps:(1)Extracting features from a specific type of scene to generate individual soldier digital camouflage;(2)Attaching the adversarial patch with scene features constraint to the individual soldier digital camouflage to generate the adversarial attribute of DAAC.The visual effects of the individual soldier digital camouflage and the adversarial patch will be improved after integrating with the scene features.Experiment results show that objects camouflaged by DAAC are well integrated with background and achieve visual concealment while remaining effective in fooling object detectors,thus evading the detections by both detectors and humans in the digital domain.This work can serve as the reference for crafting the adversarial camouflage in the physical world.
