全球变暖与季风

全球很多地区是季风气候,季风带来风和雨对人类生产和生活以及社会与经济发展有明显影响,因此,长期以来,季风是热门研究课题。根据有关研究,本文简述观测到的全球和区域季风变化,人类活动的影响,以及预估未来全球变暖背景下,全球和区域的季风变化。

基于海-冰-气系统的东亚冬季风统计预测

东亚冬季风对东亚冬季的天气气候具有重要影响,对其预测研究是冬季气候预测的关键问题。已有东亚冬季风强度指数(ISA)与东北冬季气温在年际、年代际尺度具有显著且稳定的相关关系,但ISA的前兆信号在20世纪90年代末发生年代际转变,对ISA的预测效果转差。在海-冰-气系统重新寻找影响ISA的前兆因子,分析其与东亚冬季风的可能关联,构建统计预测方法并开展交叉检验。结果表明:20世纪80年代后ISA与前期热带太平洋马蹄型结构的海温、墨西哥湾流区海温、平流层欧亚中高纬环流型呈显著正相关,与巴伦支海海冰密集度呈显著负相关。以上前兆信号可通过冬季大气环流、海陆热力差等途径影响ISA,预测模型拟合效果较好,试报期间(2012—2022年)与实况的符号一致率达81.8%(9/11),可用于当前年代际背景下东亚冬季风强度预测。

阿留申低压与东亚冬季风关系的年代际变化

东亚冬季风系统是北半球冬季最活跃的环流系统,通过与西伯利亚高压、阿留申低压、东亚大槽和东亚西风急流等系统之间的相互作用,对东亚地区的气候产生重要影响。本文主要关注阿留申低压与东亚冬季风关系的年代际变化特征,利用经验正交函数分析方法,提取阿留申低压的强度变化、南北移动、西北-东南传播型和东西移动模态,并研究这4种模态与冬季风的北部型、南部型模态关系。结果表明阿留申低压的强度变化与2种东亚冬季风型的关系都不显著。阿留申低压的南北移动与南部型冬季风的相关性较强且具有年代际变化特征。1995年后南北涛动中心受ENSO(El Ni1o-Southern Oscillation)影响向东移动,阿留申低压和西伯利亚高压的配置不利于中国东南部气压梯度的形成,导致阿留申低压的南北移动与南部型冬季风的相关性降低。另外,1975年后北大西洋涛动在中西伯利亚地区激发正位势高度异常,扩大传播型模态影响范围,给中高纬地区带来东北风异常,有利于北部型冬季风的形成,此时传播型模态与北部型冬季风显著相关。东亚冬季风系统是北半球冬季最活跃的环流系统,通过与西伯利亚高压、阿留申低压、东亚大槽和东亚西风急流等系统之间的相互作用,对东亚地区的气候产生重要影响。本文主要关注阿留申低压与东亚冬季风关系的年代际变化特征,利用经验正交函数分析方法,提取阿留申低压的强度变化、南北移动、西北-东南传播型和东西移动模态,并研究这4种模态与冬季风的北部型、南部型模态关系。结果表明阿留申低压的强度变化与2种东亚冬季风型的关系都不显著。阿留申低压的南北移动与南部型冬季风的相关性较强且具有年代际变化特征。1995年后南北涛动中心受ENSO(El NinoSouthern Oscillation)影响向东移动,阿留申低压和西伯利亚高压的配置不利于中国东南部气压梯度的形成,导致阿留申低压的南北移动与南部型冬季风的相关性降低。另外,1975年后北大西洋涛动在中西伯利亚地区激发正位势高度异常,扩大传播型模态影响范围,给中高纬地区带来东北风异常,有利于北部型冬季风的形成,此时传播型模态与北部型冬季风显著相关。

Impacts of monsoon break events in the western North Pacific on the cross-equatorial flows over the Maritime Continent

本文利用ERA5逐日再分析资料,探讨了1979-2020年间西北太平洋季风中断事件对海洋性大陆越赤道气流的影响.合成结果表明,西北太平洋季风中断事件会造成高,低空越赤道气流减弱,即高层南风异常,低层北风异常,与此相关的环流异常表现为西北太平洋高层气旋,低层反气旋的斜压结构。特别的是,西北太平洋季风中断对高空越赤道气流的影响更为显著,92%的季风中断事件都导致高空越赤道气流减弱,而只有70%的事件造成低空越赤道气流减弱,这是由于低空越赤道气流同时还受到赤道中东太平洋海温异常的调控.

中国春季复合极端低温多雨事件的年代际变化及成因分析

利用1961—2020年中国553站逐日最低气温、降水资料和ERA5再分析资料,探讨了我国春季复合极端低温多雨事件的年代际变化特征及可能成因。结果表明,春季复合极端低温多雨事件整体呈现出南多北少的分布型,并且高频次中心在西南和华南地区,年平均超过了5 d。全国绝大部分地区春季复合极端低温多雨事件近60年呈现减少趋势,在1990年代末期出现了由多转少的全国范围的年代际突变,并以我国东南部季风区的减少最为显著。进一步分析发现,我国北方至白令海峡地区的异常气旋性环流和我国东南侧西北太平洋上的异常反气旋性环流是引起年代际突变的两个关键环流系统。

南海-西北太平洋季风槽及其与热带气旋的关系:不同再分析资料对比

利用1981—2020年中国气象局(CMA)热带气旋最佳路径数据集、CMA大气再分析资料(CMA-RA)、欧洲中期天气预报中心再分析资料(ERA5)及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料(NCEP-I),对比CMA-RA与ERA5、NCEP-I对南海-西北太平洋季风槽及其与南海热带气旋活动关系的表现能力,探讨CMA-RA的适用性。结果表明:不同资料均表征出南海和西北太平洋西段槽区低层气旋式涡旋明显、东段均匀的特征,CMA-RA和ERA5对低层涡度场描述的差异较小。两两资料间得到的季风槽强度的相关性较高,且为CMA-RA>ERA5>NCEP-I,对南海槽区的描述差异最大;对东伸点的刻画具有较高一致性,CMA-RA较ERA5和NCEP-I偏西;但对南北位置的刻画一致性较差,其中CMA-RA与ERA5的差异较小。所有资料均刻画出季风槽区中、低层强辐合、高层强辐散的结构,沿105°~160°E平均的涡度垂直剖面差异以CMA-RA与ERA5最小、CMA-RA与NCEP-I最大。CMA-RA季风槽与热带气旋频数关系最密切,ERA5次之,ERA5季风槽强度与热带气旋强度关系最密切,ERA5和CMA-RA季风槽东伸点与热带气旋强度关系较NCEP-I密切。总体来看,CMA-RA对季风槽及其与南海热带气旋活动关系的刻画具有与ERA5和NCEP-I相当的表现能力,且与ERA5的一致性高。

南海夏季风爆发对广西6月暴雨的影响

利用1961—2020年广西地面气象观测站逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,研究了南海夏季风爆发对广西6月暴雨的影响。结果表明,当南海夏季风爆发偏早时,东亚大槽显著偏强,中高纬度地区经向环流增强;华南沿海西南风显著偏强,配合中高纬度偏强的经向型环流引导北风南下,南北风在广西上空交汇;印度洋到海洋性大陆热带季节内振荡(MJO)处于对流活跃位相,且向东移动明显,低频对流带在西南季风引导下向广西输送;广西上升气流显著偏强,暴雨日数偏多。反之,暴雨日数偏少。

Recent Enhancement in Co-Variability of the Western North Pacific Summer Monsoon and the Equatorial Zonal Wind

The western North Pacific summer monsoon(WNPSM)is an important subcomponent of the Asian summer monsoon.The equatorial zonal wind(EZW)in the lower troposphere over the western Pacific may play a critical role in the evolution of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO).The possible linkage between the EZW over the western Pacific and the offequatorial monsoonal winds associated with the WNPSM and its decadal changes have not yet been fully understood.Here,we find a non-stationary relationship between the WNPSM and the western Pacific EZW,significantly strengthening their correlation around the late 1980s/early 1990s.This observed shift in the WNPSM–EZW relationship could be explained by the changes in the related sea surface temperature(SST)configurations across the tropical oceans.The enhanced influence from the springtime tropical North Atlantic,summertime tropical central Pacific,and maritime continent SST anomalies may be working together in contributing to the recent intensified WNPSM–EZW co-variability.The observed recent strengthening of the WNPSM–EZW relationship may profoundly impact the climate system,including prompting more effective feedback from the WNPSM on subsequent ENSO evolution and bolstering a stronger biennial tendency of the WNPSM–ENSO coupled system.The results obtained herein imply that the WNPSM,EZW,ENSO,and the tropical North Atlantic SST may be closely linked within a unified climate system with a quasi-biennial rhythm occurring during recent decades,accompanied by a reinforcement of the WNPSM–ENSO interplay quite possibly triggered by enhanced tropical Pacific–Atlantic cross-basin interactions.These results highlight the importance of the tropical Atlantic cross-basin influences in shaping the spatial structure of WNPSM-related wind anomalies and the WNPSM–ENSO interaction.

Recent Advances in Understanding Multi-scale Climate Variability of the Asian Monsoon

Studies of the multi-scale climate variability of the Asian monsoon are essential to an advanced understanding of the physical processes of the global climate system.In this paper,the progress achieved in this field is systematically reviewed,with a focus on the past several years.The achievements are summarized into the following topics:(1)the onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon;(2)the East Asian summer monsoon;(3)the East Asian winter monsoon;and(4)the Indian summer monsoon.Specifically,new results are highlighted,including the advanced or delayed local monsoon onset tending to be synchronized over the Arabian Sea,Bay of Bengal,Indochina Peninsula,and South China Sea;the basic features of the record-breaking mei-yu in 2020,which have been extensively investigated with an emphasis on the role of multi-scale processes;the recovery of the East Asian winter monsoon intensity after the early 2000s in the presence of continuing greenhouse gas emissions,which is believed to have been dominated by internal climate variability(mostly the Arctic Oscillation);and the accelerated warming over South Asia,which exceeded the tropical Indian Ocean warming,is considered to be the main driver of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall recovery since 1999.A brief summary is provided in the final section along with some further discussion on future research directions regarding our understanding of the Asian monsoon variability.

Dynamical Predictability of Leading Interannual Variability Modes of the Asian-Australian Monsoon in Climate Models

The dynamical prediction of the Asian-Australian monsoon(AAM)has been an important and long-standing issue in climate science.In this study,the predictability of the first two leading modes of the AAM is studied using retrospective prediction datasets from the seasonal forecasting models in four operational centers worldwide.Results show that the model predictability of the leading AAM modes is sensitive to how they are defined in different seasonal sequences,especially for the second mode.The first AAM mode,from various seasonal sequences,coincides with the El Niño phase transition in the eastern-central Pacific.The second mode,initialized from boreal summer and autumn,leads El Niño by about one year but can exist during the decay phase of El Niño when initialized from boreal winter and spring.Our findings hint that ENSO,as an early signal,is conducive to better performance of model predictions in capturing the spatiotemporal variations of the leading AAM modes.Still,the persistence barrier of ENSO in spring leads to poor forecasting skills of spatial features.The multimodel ensemble(MME)mean shows some advantage in capturing the spatiotemporal variations of the AAM modes but does not provide a significant improvement in predicting its temporal features compared to the best individual models in predicting its temporal features.The BCC_CSM1.1M shows promising skill in predicting the two AAM indices associated with two leading AAM modes.The predictability demonstrated in this study is potentially useful for AAM prediction in operational and climate services.

Evaluation of the interannual variability in the East Asian summer monsoon in AMIP and historical experiments of CAS FGOALS-f3-L

对东亚夏季季风(EASM)模拟的评估可以提高我们对亚洲季风动力和气候模拟的理解.在这项研究中,通过使用中国科学院(CAS)全球海洋-大气-陆地系统(FGOALS-f3-L)模式参加的第六次耦合模式相互比较计划(CMIP6)中的大气模式相互比较计划(AMIP)和历史(historical)试验,明确了EASM的年际变率的模拟能力.通过多变量经验正交函数(MV-EOF)分析发现,观测的EASM的主导模态为西太平洋上的太平洋-日本模态,并伴有局部反气旋异常.主导模态的方差贡献率为24.6%.历史(historical)试验可以基本再现这种空间模态,其方差贡献率较AMIP试验更接近于观测.与AMIP试验相比,历史(historical)试验还能更好地模拟EASM变率的时间频率.然而,由于历史(historical)模拟没有在积分开始时应用初始化过程,而AMIP试验受到海表面温度(SST)的约束,因此主成分(PC1)的位相在历史(historical)试验中没有得到较好地再现.进一步分析发现,印度洋和西太平洋热带地区的海气相互作用对EASM的模拟非常重要,而EASM气候变率的模拟可能与厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)的模拟能力有关,这值得进一步分析.

Correlation Between the Arabian Sea Surface Temperature and the Onset Period of South Asian Summer Monsoon with Trend Analysis on the Intensity

The long-term trend of the Arabian Sea surface temperature(ASST)during the formation of the South Asian summer monsoon(SASM)is discussed in this manuscript.From April to June,ASST changed from a meridional gradual distribution to a spatially uniform distribution and then to a zonal gradual distribution.The South Asian summer monsoon intensity(SASMI)and South Asian summer monsoon direction(SASMD)indicate that the variation of the ASST is highly related to the formation of the SASM during the summer monsoon period and can contribute to the spread of the SASM from the Southwest Arabian Sea throughout all of South Asia.Results of the correlation between the ASST and SASMI for the same month and its adjacent months were the same,and the areas of the positive correlation between the ASST and SASMI significantly increased from May–June as compared to April–May.The maximum correlation coefficient was 0.86.The results of the ASST and SASMD for the same month and its adjacent months were substantially different.However,the ASST and SASMD for May and April also showed a high positive correlation with a maximum correlation coefficient of 0.61 in the southwestern Arabian Sea.Existence of the ASST had a spatially consistent and significant upward trend with a mean increase of 0.6℃during the summer monsoon period from 1980 to 2020(between April and September),whereas the SASMI had a strengthening trend along the western and southwestern regions of the Arabian Sea and the southeastern region of the Arabian Peninsula.Meanwhile,the rest of the study regions showed a declining trend.Overall,the entire study region showed a slight downward trend,and the average value decreased by 0.02ms^(−1).

SST effect on the pre-monsoon intraseasonal oscillation over the South China Sea based on atmospheric-coupled GCM comparison

The role of sea surface temperature(SST)variability in the pre-monsoonal(April to July)intraseasonal oscillation(ISO)over the South China Sea(SCS)is investigated using the Community Earth System Model Version 2(CESM2).An Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project(AMIP)simulation forced by daily sea surface temperatures(SSTs)derived from a parallel coupled general circulation model(CGCM)run was compared with observations and the mother coupled simulation.In the coupled model,the SST warming leads the peak convection about 1/4 period as in observations.The paralell uncoupled model fails to simulate this phase relationship,implying the importance of air-sea coupling in reproducing realistic ISO.Due to the near-quadrature phase relationship between SST and precipitation ISOs during the ISO events,it is difficult to distinguish the active/passive role of SST from observations alone.Significant correlation in intraseasonal precipitation between the daily SST-forced AMIP and mother CGCM runs indicates that SST plays a role in driving the atmospheric ISO.

Strength of the North African monsoon in the Last Interglacial and under future warming

与人为强迫引起的全球变暖相比,末次间冰期是轨道强迫引起的过去80万年来最暖的一个间冰期,但鲜有人研究末次间冰期中北非季风的响应.因此,本文基于CMIP6多模式模拟结果对比研究了末次间冰期和SSP5-8.5情景下北非季风的响应,发现末次间冰期下北非季风平均降水及其降水变率均远大于SSP5-8.5情景下的结果.轨道强迫导致的北大西洋暖于南大西洋增加了北非季风环流和平均降水,同时,南北大西洋海温梯度变化通过增强热带北大西洋的海气相互作用增大了海温梯度和撒哈拉低压的变率,从而增强了北非季风降水变率.

Interdecadal Change in the Interannual Variability of South China Sea Summer Monsoon Intensity

The interdecadal change in the interannual variability of the South China Sea summer monsoon(SCSSM)intensity and its mechanism are investigated in this study.The interannual variability of the low-level circulation of the SCSSM has experienced a significant interdecadal enhancement around the end of the 1980s,which may be attributed to the interdecadal changes in the evolution of the tropical Indo-Pacific sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies and their impacts on the SCSSM.From 1961 to 1989,the low-level circulation over the South China Sea is primarily affected by the SST anomalies in the tropical Indian Ocean via the mechanism of Kelvin-wave-induced Ekman divergence.While in 1990 to 2020,the impacts of the summer SST anomalies in the Maritime Continent and the equatorial central to eastern Pacific on the SCSSM are enhanced,via anomalous meridional circulation and Mastuno-Gill type Rossby wave atmospheric response,respectively.The above interdecadal changes are closely associated with the interdecadal changes in the evolution of El Niño–Southern Oscillation(ENSO)events.The interdecadal variation of the summer SST anomalies in the developing and decaying phases of ENSO events enhances the influence of the tropical Indo-Pacific SST on the SCSSM,resulting in the interdecadal change in the interannual variability of the SCSSM.

南亚季风演化及驱动机制

[本刊讯]在国家自然科学基金项目等资助下,自然资源部第一海洋研究所姚政权、石学法,与中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所郭正堂、中国科学院地球环境研究所李新周及国外合作者,在南亚季风演化及驱动机制研究方面取得新进展。研究成果以“12 Ma以来南亚夏季风的减弱与南北半球间冰盖的扩张有关”为题,于2023年2月14日发表在《自然—通讯》(Nature Communications)上。

东亚夏季风爆发和北进的年际变化特征及其与热带西太平洋热状态的关系

利用我国测站的降水资料、卫星测得的OLR和高云量资料、SST和 137°E次表层海温资料以及NCEP NCAR再分析资料 ,分析了东亚夏季风的爆发和北进的年际变化特征及其与热带西太平洋热状态的关系。分析结果表明 :当春季热带西太平洋处于暖状态 ,菲律宾周围对流活动强 ,在这种情况下 ,南海上空对流层下层有气旋性距平环流 ,西太平洋副热带高压偏东 ,从而使得南海夏季风爆发早 ;并且 ,当夏季热带西太平洋也处于暖状态 ,菲律宾周围对流活动也很强 ,在这种情况下 ,西太平洋副热带高压北进时 ,在 6月中旬和 7月初存在明显的突跳 ,从而使得东亚季风雨带在 6月中旬明显由华南北跳到江淮流域 ,并于 7月初由江淮流域北跳到黄河流域、华北和东北地区。这将引起江淮流域和长江中、下游夏季风降水偏少 ,并往往发生干旱 ,而黄河流域、华北和东北地区的夏季降水正常或偏多。相反 ,当春季热带西太平洋处于冷状态 ,菲律宾周围对流活动弱 ,在这种情况下 ,南海上空对流层下层有反气旋性距平环流 ,西太平洋副热带高压偏西 ,从而使得南海夏季风爆发晚 ;并且 ,当夏季热带西太平洋也处于冷状态 ,菲律宾周围对流活动也很弱 ,在这种情况下 ,西太平洋副热带高压北进时 ,在 6月中旬或 7月初向北突跳并不明显 ,而是以渐进式向北移动 ,从?

南海季风试验与东亚夏季风

南海季风试验是一次国际性大气与海洋的联合试验 ,旨在更好地了解南海季风的爆发、维持与变化 ,以改进东亚和东南亚地区的季风预报。 1998年 5～ 8月进行的外场试验取得了圆满成功 ,获得了大量气象与海洋资料。不少国家对这些资料进行四维资料同化 ,并改进数值模拟和预报 ;同时也为东亚与南海地区季风的研究提供了必要的资料集。文中总结了中国科学家在这方面的主要研究成果 ,共包括 6个方面 :(1)南海夏季风的爆发过程与机理 ;(2 )南海季风爆发过程中对流与中尺度系统的发展及其与大尺度环流的相互作用 ;(3)低频振荡与遥相关作用 ;(4 )南海海 气通量的测量及其与季风活动的关系 ;(5 )夏季风时期南海海洋的热力结构、环流和中尺度涡旋及其与ENSO事件的关系 ;(6 )南海与东亚季风的数值模拟。

关于我国东部夏季风进退的定义

使用１９８３ 年至１９９６ 年美国国家环境预测中心（ Ｎ Ｃ Ｅ Ｐ）１４ 年逐日平均２ ．５°×２ ．５°再分析的网格点资料对我国东部夏季风进退进行了仔细研究，并对夏季风进退作了新的定义。它既考虑了西南风的强度亦考虑了其暖湿程度。这比以前仅考虑暖湿程度要合理，按新定义计算的结果表明，我国夏季风推进有很明显的阶段性，夏季风的撤退非常迅速，这和观测结果符合。

东亚夏季风推进过程的气候特征及其年代际变化

利用1951￣2001年NECP的逐日再分析资料及中国东部366站1957￣2000年逐日降水资料,提出东亚夏季风推进过程的定量指标,分析东亚夏季风推进过程的年代际变化。结果表明:标准降水指数为1.5的等值线较好反映了中国东部夏季雨带的南北移动,以及雨带推进过程中呈现的阶段性与突变性特征。东亚夏季风的推进过程具有显著年代际变化,与夏季风前沿位置有关的指标在20世纪60年代中期前后发生显著变化,与夏季风推进强度有关的指标则在70年代末出现突变。60年代中期前,南海夏季风的建立时间较迟,但北推较快,夏季风前沿到达华北地区时间较早,在华北地区维持时间长,夏季风的北界位置偏北,华北雨季、淮河梅雨明显。70年代末以后南海夏季风的建立时间较早,夏季风前沿附近南风强度明显偏弱,降水主要集中在长江流域及其以南地区,华北雨季不明显。