基于2020-2021年的中国气象局(CMA)陆面数据同化系统(CLDAS)逐小时地面气温(T2m)产品,融合CMA上海快速更新循环数值预报(CMA-SH3)的T2m预报数据,构建深度学习语义分割模型(MT-Cunet),实现逐小时滚动更新的24 h T2m网格预报,并对2022年...基于2020-2021年的中国气象局(CMA)陆面数据同化系统(CLDAS)逐小时地面气温(T2m)产品,融合CMA上海快速更新循环数值预报(CMA-SH3)的T2m预报数据,构建深度学习语义分割模型(MT-Cunet),实现逐小时滚动更新的24 h T2m网格预报,并对2022年预报结果进行了检验评估。结果表明,在研究范围内,MT-Cunet在3~9 h时效订正效果最好,平均MAE和平均RMSE分别降低42.4%、40.89%;10~24 h时效的订正效果较好,平均MAE和平均RMSE分别下降26.7%、26.3%。低温(≤0℃)和高温(≥35℃)事件检验评估表明,MT-Cunet在高温预报整体表现为正偏差,而低温整体为负偏差,但误差幅度远低于CMA-SH3;空间尺度上,MT-Cunet能较大幅度减少复杂地形下的T2m预报误差,降低CMA-SH3的MAE离散度,使预报误差分布较为稳定。通过对2022年2月和3月的区域性增温、寒潮过程分别进行检验评估发现,MT-Cunet能较好预报出增(降)温转折时间和增(降)温幅度。在增温和寒潮过程中,MT-Cunet的MAE比CMA-SH3分别降低28.9%和33.8%,表明MT-Cunet模型在转折性天气过程中同样具有较好的预报能力。因此,利用可以快速增加预报样本数量的快速更新循环数值预报,经过语义分割深度学习模型客观方法订正,就能较大幅度降低数值模式预报误差,解决常规数值预报由于数据量太少,深度学习训练效果较差的问题,这对充分利用国产模式资源,更广泛地开展国产模式后处理和应用提出了一个新的思路。展开更多
Precipitation nowcasting,as a crucial component of weather forecasting,focuses on predicting very short-range precipitation,typically within six hours.This approach relies heavily on real-time observations rather than...Precipitation nowcasting,as a crucial component of weather forecasting,focuses on predicting very short-range precipitation,typically within six hours.This approach relies heavily on real-time observations rather than numerical weather models.The core concept involves the spatio-temporal extrapolation of current precipitation fields derived from ground radar echoes and/or satellite images,which was generally actualized by employing computer image or vision techniques.Recently,with stirring breakthroughs in artificial intelligence(AI)techniques,deep learning(DL)methods have been used as the basis for developing novel approaches to precipitation nowcasting.Notable progress has been obtained in recent years,manifesting the strong potential of DL-based nowcasting models for their advantages in both prediction accuracy and computational cost.This paper provides an overview of these precipitation nowcasting approaches,from which two stages along the advancing in this field emerge.Classic models that were established on an elementary neural network dominated in the first stage,while large meteorological models that were based on complex network architectures prevailed in the second.In particular,the nowcasting accuracy of such data-driven models has been greatly increased by imposing suitable physical constraints.The integration of AI models and physical models seems to be a promising way to improve precipitation nowcasting techniques further.展开更多
Short-duration heavy rainfall(SHR),as delineated by the National Meteorological Center of the China Me-teorological Administration,is characterized by hourly rainfall amounts no less than 20.0 mm.SHR is one of the mos...Short-duration heavy rainfall(SHR),as delineated by the National Meteorological Center of the China Me-teorological Administration,is characterized by hourly rainfall amounts no less than 20.0 mm.SHR is one of the most common convective weather phenomena that can cause severe damage.Short-range forecasting of SHR is an important part of operational severe weather prediction.In the present study,an improved objective SHR forecasting scheme was developed by adopting the ingredients-based methodology and using the fuzzy logic approach.The 1.0°×1.0°National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)final analysis data and the ordinary rainfall(0.1-19.9 mm h-1)and SHR observational data from 411 stations were used in the improved scheme.The best lifted index,the total precipitable water,the 925 hPa specific humidity(Q 925),and the 925 hPa divergence(DIV 925)were selected as predictors based on objective analysis.Continuously distributed membership functions of predictors were obtained based on relative frequency analysis.The weights of predictors were also objectively determined.Experiments with a typhoon SHR case and a spring SHR case show that the main possible areas could be captured by the improved scheme.Verification of SHR forecasts within 96 hours with NCEP global forecasts 1.0°×1.0°data initiated at 08:00 Beijing Time during the warm seasons in 2015 show the results were improved from both deterministic and probabilistic perspectives.This study provides an objectively feasible choice for short-range guidance forecasts of SHR.The scheme can be applied to other convective phenomena.展开更多
In the present study,multimodel ensemble forecast experiments of the global horizontal irradiance(GHI)were conducted using the dynamic variable weight technique.The study was based on the forecasts of four numerical m...In the present study,multimodel ensemble forecast experiments of the global horizontal irradiance(GHI)were conducted using the dynamic variable weight technique.The study was based on the forecasts of four numerical models,namely,the China Meteorological Administration Wind Energy and Solar Energy Prediction System,the Mesoscale Weather Numerical Prediction System of China Meteorological Administration,the China Meteorological Administration Regional Mesoscale Numerical Prediction System-Guangdong,and the Weather Research and Forecasting Model-Solar,and observational data from four photovoltaic(PV)power stations in Yangjiang City,Guangdong Province.The results show that compared with those of the monthly optimal numerical model forecasts,the dynamic variable weight-based ensemble forecasts exhibited 0.97%-15.96%smaller values of the mean absolute error and 3.31%-18.40%lower values of the root mean square error(RMSE).However,the increase in the correlation coefficient was not obvious.Specifically,the multimodel ensemble mainly improved the performance of GHI forecasts below 700 W m-2,particularly below 400 W m-2,with RMSE reductions as high as 7.56%-28.28%.In contrast,the RMSE increased at GHI levels above 700 W m-2.As for the key period of PV power station output(02:00-07:00),the accuracy of GHI forecasts could be improved by the multimodel ensemble:the multimodel ensemble could effectively decrease the daily maximum absolute error(AE max)of GHI forecasts.Moreover,with increasing forecasting difficulty under cloudy conditions,the multimodel ensemble,which yields data closer to the actual observations,could simulate GHI fluctuations more accurately.展开更多
文摘基于2020-2021年的中国气象局(CMA)陆面数据同化系统(CLDAS)逐小时地面气温(T2m)产品,融合CMA上海快速更新循环数值预报(CMA-SH3)的T2m预报数据,构建深度学习语义分割模型(MT-Cunet),实现逐小时滚动更新的24 h T2m网格预报,并对2022年预报结果进行了检验评估。结果表明,在研究范围内,MT-Cunet在3~9 h时效订正效果最好,平均MAE和平均RMSE分别降低42.4%、40.89%;10~24 h时效的订正效果较好,平均MAE和平均RMSE分别下降26.7%、26.3%。低温(≤0℃)和高温(≥35℃)事件检验评估表明,MT-Cunet在高温预报整体表现为正偏差,而低温整体为负偏差,但误差幅度远低于CMA-SH3;空间尺度上,MT-Cunet能较大幅度减少复杂地形下的T2m预报误差,降低CMA-SH3的MAE离散度,使预报误差分布较为稳定。通过对2022年2月和3月的区域性增温、寒潮过程分别进行检验评估发现,MT-Cunet能较好预报出增(降)温转折时间和增(降)温幅度。在增温和寒潮过程中,MT-Cunet的MAE比CMA-SH3分别降低28.9%和33.8%,表明MT-Cunet模型在转折性天气过程中同样具有较好的预报能力。因此,利用可以快速增加预报样本数量的快速更新循环数值预报,经过语义分割深度学习模型客观方法订正,就能较大幅度降低数值模式预报误差,解决常规数值预报由于数据量太少,深度学习训练效果较差的问题,这对充分利用国产模式资源,更广泛地开展国产模式后处理和应用提出了一个新的思路。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42275060)National Natural Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China(Grant No.2021JJ10048)。
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(42075075)National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFC3007700)Pre-Research Fund of USTC(YZ2082300006)。
文摘Precipitation nowcasting,as a crucial component of weather forecasting,focuses on predicting very short-range precipitation,typically within six hours.This approach relies heavily on real-time observations rather than numerical weather models.The core concept involves the spatio-temporal extrapolation of current precipitation fields derived from ground radar echoes and/or satellite images,which was generally actualized by employing computer image or vision techniques.Recently,with stirring breakthroughs in artificial intelligence(AI)techniques,deep learning(DL)methods have been used as the basis for developing novel approaches to precipitation nowcasting.Notable progress has been obtained in recent years,manifesting the strong potential of DL-based nowcasting models for their advantages in both prediction accuracy and computational cost.This paper provides an overview of these precipitation nowcasting approaches,from which two stages along the advancing in this field emerge.Classic models that were established on an elementary neural network dominated in the first stage,while large meteorological models that were based on complex network architectures prevailed in the second.In particular,the nowcasting accuracy of such data-driven models has been greatly increased by imposing suitable physical constraints.The integration of AI models and physical models seems to be a promising way to improve precipitation nowcasting techniques further.
基金Key R&D Program of Xizang Autonomous Region(XZ202101ZY0004G)National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2142202)+1 种基金National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFC3004104)Key Innovation Team of China Meteor-ological Administration(CMA2022ZD07)。
文摘Short-duration heavy rainfall(SHR),as delineated by the National Meteorological Center of the China Me-teorological Administration,is characterized by hourly rainfall amounts no less than 20.0 mm.SHR is one of the most common convective weather phenomena that can cause severe damage.Short-range forecasting of SHR is an important part of operational severe weather prediction.In the present study,an improved objective SHR forecasting scheme was developed by adopting the ingredients-based methodology and using the fuzzy logic approach.The 1.0°×1.0°National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)final analysis data and the ordinary rainfall(0.1-19.9 mm h-1)and SHR observational data from 411 stations were used in the improved scheme.The best lifted index,the total precipitable water,the 925 hPa specific humidity(Q 925),and the 925 hPa divergence(DIV 925)were selected as predictors based on objective analysis.Continuously distributed membership functions of predictors were obtained based on relative frequency analysis.The weights of predictors were also objectively determined.Experiments with a typhoon SHR case and a spring SHR case show that the main possible areas could be captured by the improved scheme.Verification of SHR forecasts within 96 hours with NCEP global forecasts 1.0°×1.0°data initiated at 08:00 Beijing Time during the warm seasons in 2015 show the results were improved from both deterministic and probabilistic perspectives.This study provides an objectively feasible choice for short-range guidance forecasts of SHR.The scheme can be applied to other convective phenomena.
基金Innovation and Development Project of China Meteorological Administration(CXFZ2023J044)Innovation Foundation of CMA Public Meteorological Service Center(K2023002)+1 种基金“Tianchi Talents”Introduction Plan(2023)Key Innovation Team for Energy and Meteorology of China Meteorological Administration。
文摘In the present study,multimodel ensemble forecast experiments of the global horizontal irradiance(GHI)were conducted using the dynamic variable weight technique.The study was based on the forecasts of four numerical models,namely,the China Meteorological Administration Wind Energy and Solar Energy Prediction System,the Mesoscale Weather Numerical Prediction System of China Meteorological Administration,the China Meteorological Administration Regional Mesoscale Numerical Prediction System-Guangdong,and the Weather Research and Forecasting Model-Solar,and observational data from four photovoltaic(PV)power stations in Yangjiang City,Guangdong Province.The results show that compared with those of the monthly optimal numerical model forecasts,the dynamic variable weight-based ensemble forecasts exhibited 0.97%-15.96%smaller values of the mean absolute error and 3.31%-18.40%lower values of the root mean square error(RMSE).However,the increase in the correlation coefficient was not obvious.Specifically,the multimodel ensemble mainly improved the performance of GHI forecasts below 700 W m-2,particularly below 400 W m-2,with RMSE reductions as high as 7.56%-28.28%.In contrast,the RMSE increased at GHI levels above 700 W m-2.As for the key period of PV power station output(02:00-07:00),the accuracy of GHI forecasts could be improved by the multimodel ensemble:the multimodel ensemble could effectively decrease the daily maximum absolute error(AE max)of GHI forecasts.Moreover,with increasing forecasting difficulty under cloudy conditions,the multimodel ensemble,which yields data closer to the actual observations,could simulate GHI fluctuations more accurately.
