中国首次南极航空气象保障工作回顾及展望

我国航空气象保障在南极地区尚属于空白区。为给相关的业务和科研工作提供参考,回顾中国第39次南极科学考察队航空气象保障工作,介绍具体的保障流程及方法,提出对未来工作的展望。研究表明:极地地区航空气象保障要注意选择飞行窗口期,参考多家数值预报产品来制作航空天气预报,并根据实况结果分析预报偏差;另外要掌握局地天气变化规律,尤其是下降风的影响,与机长充分交换意见,参考工作现场多种特殊情况并提出合理的气象保障建议。

A new look at the first dinosaur discovered in Antarctica:reappraisal of Antarctopelta oliveroi(Ankylosauria:Parankylosauria)

The first dinosaur discovered in the Antarctic continent was the ankylosaur Antarctopelta oliveroi in the 1980s.Nevertheless,since then several hypotheses of phylogenetical relationships have been proposed because these have been depended on how the skeletal remains have been interpreted.The main obstacle for clarifying its phylogenetic position is that many portions of the skeleton remain unknown,in addition to the presence of unknown characters in typical ankylosaurs.Considered an ankylosaurid,nodosaurid,or even a chimaera,a recent proposal based on mostly complete material of a new ankylosaur from Chilean Patagonia provided support for a novel phylogenetic hypothesis:Antarctopelta and other southern ankylosaurs are an early branching clade,the Parankylosauria,whose origin probably dates to the Late Jurassic.In the light of this new view,a redescription of the available skeletal remains is provided together with a new reconstruction of the first Antarctic dinosaur known to the science community.

Environmental changes affect picoplanktonic composition in Antarctic Peninsula ponds

Antarctic Peninsula is experiencing one of the largest global warming events worldwide.Shallow water bodies generated by the melting of snow in summer are numerous,and they might act as sentinels of climate change due to their rapid response and ability to integrate catchment information.Shifts in climate can influence the structure of microbial communities which dominate these freshwaters ecosystems.Here,we characterize three ponds at Cierva Point(Antarctic Peninsula)by examining their physico-chemical and morphological characteristics and we explored how different factors modify the structure of the microbial community.We studied the abundance and biomass of heterotrophic bacteria,picocyanobacteria and picoeukaryote algae during January and February of two consecutive summers(2017 and 2018).We found that ponds had different limnological characteristics,due to their location,geomorphological features and presence of the surrounding flora and fauna.Physico-chemical parameters as well as microbial community differed between ponds,months and years.In 2017,most ponds were oligo to mesotrophic states.The larger accumulated rainfall(as a result of environmental changes on the Antarctic Peninsula)during 2018,particularly in February,causes nutrient runoff into water bodies.This affects those ponds with the highest seabird circulation,such as gentoo penguin,increasing eutrophication.As a result,picoplanktonic abundances were higher,and the community structure shifts to a largely heterotrophic bacteria dominated one.These results suggest that these communities could act as sentinels to environmental changes,anticipating a future with mostly hypertrophic ponds.

Research and exploration of direct current power supply and distribution systems for Antarctic research stations

The power supply and distribution systems for Antarctic research stations have special characteristics.In light of a worldwide trend toward a gradual increase in the application of renewable energy,an analysis was performed to assess the feasibility of achieving a direct current power supply and distribution at Antarctic research stations by comparing the characteristics of direct current and alternating current electricity.Research was also performed on the status quo and future trends in direct current power supply and distribution systems in Antarctica research stations in combination with case studies.

南极普里兹湾表层沉积硅藻及其与环境因素的关系

基于中国第29次南极科学考察采集的普里兹湾及其邻近海域22个表层沉积样品数据和资料,分析研究区沉积硅藻组合面貌变化、主要硅藻属种的空间分布特点。共鉴定出硅藻29种,隶属于12个属,Fragilariopsis curta和F. kerguelensis为优势种。F. curta、F. cylindrus、F. ritscheri、F. separanda四种海冰硅藻种的相对百分比自湾内向深海区逐渐减少;近海冰种Thalassiosira antarctica和Porosira glacialis在普里兹环流中间区域相对百分比最高,并由环流中心向外递减;F. kerguelensis、Paralia sulcata和Azpeitia tabularis三种硅藻的相对百分比自湾内向深海区逐渐增加。采用典范对应分析(CCA)方法对硅藻鉴定结果和环境因素之间的关系进行研究,结果表明:典范对应分析结果与主要硅藻属种生态相符合,F. curta、F. separanda、F. cylindrus和F. ritscheri四种硅藻作为普里兹湾海区的低温指示种,指示温度较低的海洋环境;P. glacialis和T. antarctica两种硅藻作为低盐指示种,指示盐度较低的海洋环境。在此基础上分析了海水表层温度、海水表层盐度等环境因素与表层沉积硅藻的确切关系,这为后续建立硅藻-环境转换函数,在普里兹湾定量重建这些环境因素的历史变化提供了数据支持。

Effects of Andrade and Burgers rheologies on glacial isostatic adjustment modeling in Antarctica

Variations in ice mass deform the Earth and modify its gravity field,a process known as Glacial Isostatic Adjustment(GIA).GIA in Antarctica remains poorly constrained due to the cumulative effect of past and present ice-mass changes,the unknown history of the past ice-mass change,and the uncertainties on the mechanical properties of the Earth.This paper investigates the effect of using Andrade and Burgers viscoelastic rheologies,rather than the commonly used Maxwell rheology,to model GIA-induced deformation in Antarctica.The Love number and Green's function formalism are used to compute the radial surface displacements and the gravity changes induced by the past and present ice-mass changes.We consider an Earth model whose elastic properties and radial structure are averaged from the Preliminary Reference Earth Model and two viscosity profiles to account for the recently published results on the present ice-mass changes.Using the three rheological laws affects the temporal response of the Earth differently,leading to smaller discrepancies than those induced by the two viscosity structures.The differences are the largest between Maxwell and Burgers rheologies during the 100-1000 years following the beginning of the surface-mass change.Results show that using the Andrade and Burgers rheologies allows the Earth to respond on decennial to centennial time scales,up to 10 m more than Maxwell.Considering only the recent ice-mass changes,the deformation rates derived from Burgers and Andrade rheologies are several times larger than those estimated by Maxwell rheology.

Influence of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation on Antarctic surface air temperature during 1900 to 2015

The importance of the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation(AMO)and Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation(IPO)in influencing zonally asymmetric changes in Antarctic surface air temperature(SAT)has been established.However,previous studies have primarily concentrated on examining the combined impact of the contrasting phases of the AMO and IPO,which have been dominant since the advent of satellite observations in 1979.This study utilizes long-term reanalysis data to investigate the impact of four combinations of+AMO+IPO,–AMO–IPO,+AMO–IPO,and–AMO+IPO on Antarctic SAT over the past 115 years.The+AMO phase is characterized by a spatial mean temperature amplitude of up to 0.5℃over the North Atlantic Ocean,accompanied by positive sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies in the tropical eastern Pacific and negative SST anomalies in the extratropical-mid-latitude western Pacific,which are indicative of the+IPO phase.The Antarctic SAT exhibits contrasting spatial patterns during the+AMO+IPO and+AMO–IPO periods.However,during the–AMO+IPO period,apart from the Antarctic Peninsula and the vicinity of the Weddell Sea,the entire Antarctic region experiences a warming trend.The most pronounced signal in the SAT anomalies is observed during the austral autumn,whereas the combination of–AMO and–IPO exhibits the smallest magnitude across all the combinations.The wavetrain excited by the SST anomalies associated with the AMO and IPO induces upper-level and surface atmospheric circulation anomalies,which alter the SAT anomalies.Furthermore,downward longwave radiation anomalies related to anomalous cloud cover play a crucial role.In the future,if the phases of AMO and IPO were to reverse(AMO transitioning to a negative phase and IPO transitioning to a positive phase),Antarctica could potentially face more pronounced warming and accelerated melting compared to the current observations.

The sudden ocean warming and its potential influences on earlyfrozen landfast ice in the Prydz Bay, East Antarctica

The ocean conditions beneath the ice cover play a key role in understanding the sea ice mass balance in the polar regions.An integrated high-frequency ice-ocean observation system,including Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter,Conductivity-Temperature-Depth Sensor,and Sea Ice Mass Balance Array(SIMBA),was deployed in the landfast ice region close to the Chinese Zhongshan Station in Antarctica.A sudden ocean warming of 0.14℃(p<0.01)was observed beneath early-frozen landfast ice,from(−1.60±0.03)℃during April 16-19 to(−1.46±0.07)℃during April 20-23,2021,which is the only significant warming event in the nearly 8-month records.The sudden ocean warming brought a double rise in oceanic heat flux,from(21.7±11.1)W/m^(2) during April 16-19 to(44.8±21.3)W/m^(2) during April 20-23,2021,which shifted the original growth phase at the ice bottom,leading to a 2 cm melting,as shown from SIMBA and borehole observations.Simultaneously,the slowdown of ice bottom freezing decreased salt rejection,and the daily trend of observed ocean salinity changed from+0.02 d^(-1) during April 16-19,2021 to+0.003 d^(-1) during April 20-23,2021.The potential reasons are increased air temperature due to the transit cyclones and the weakened vertical ocean mixing due to the tide phase transformation from semi-diurnal to diurnal.The high-frequency observations within the ice-ocean boundary layer enhance the comprehensive investigation of the ocean’s influence on ice evolution at a daily scale.

The connection of phytoplankton biomass in the Marguerite Bay polynya of the western Antarctic Peninsula to the Southern Annular Mode

Antarctic coastal polynyas are biological hotspots in the Southern Ocean that support the abundance of hightrophic-level predators and are important for carbon cycling in the high-latitude oceans.In this study,we examined the interannual variation of summertime phytoplankton biomass in the Marguerite Bay polynya(MBP)in the western Antarctic Peninsula area,and linked such variability to the Southern Annular Mode(SAM)that dominated the southern hemisphere extratropical climate variability.Combining satellite data,atmosphere reanalysis products and numerical simulations,we found that the interannual variation of summer chlorophyll-a(Chl-a)concentration in the MBP is significantly and negatively correlated with the spring SAM index,and weakly correlated with the summer SAM index.The negative relation between summer Chl-a and spring SAM is due to weaker spring vertical mixing under a more positive SAM condition,which would inhibit the supply of iron from deep layers into the surface euphotic layer.The negative relation between spring mixing and spring SAM results from greater precipitation rate over the MBP region in positive SAM phase,which leads to lower salinity in the ocean surface layer.The coupled physical-biological mechanisms between SAM and phytoplankton biomass revealed in this study is important for us to predict the future variations of phytoplankton biomasses in Antarctic polynyas under climate change.

Deep Learning Shows Promise for Seasonal Prediction of Antarctic Sea Ice in a Rapid Decline Scenario

The rapidly changing Antarctic sea ice has garnered significant interest. To enhance the prediction skill for sea ice and respond to the Sea Ice Prediction Network-South's latest call, this study presents the reforecast results of Antarctic sea-ice area and extent from December to June of the coming year with a Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory(Conv LSTM)Network. The reforecast experiments demonstrate that Conv LSTM captures the interannual and interseasonal variability of Antarctic sea ice successfully, and performs better than the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. Based on this, we present the prediction from December 2023 to June 2024, indicating that the Antarctic sea ice will remain at lows, but may not create a new record low. This research highlights the promising application of deep learning in Antarctic sea-ice prediction.

What induced the trend shift of mixed-layer depths in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current region in the mid-1980s?

An obvious trend shift in the annual mean and winter mixed layer depth(MLD)in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current(ACC)region was detected during the 1960–2021 period.Shallowing trends stopped in mid-1980s,followed by a period of weak trends.The MLD deepening trend difference between the two periods were mainly distributed in the western areas in the Drake Passage,the areas north to Victoria Land and Wilkes Land,and the central parts of the South Indian sector.The newly formed ocean current shear due to the meridional shift of the ACC flow axis between the two periods is the dominant driver for the MLD trends shift distributed in the western areas in the Drake Passage and the central parts of the South Indian sector.The saltier trends in the regions north to Victoria Land and Wilkes Land could be responsible for the strengthening mixing processes in this region.

大气河对南极冰盖及海冰的影响

南极冰盖与海冰对全球气候具有重要影响。大气河作为高纬度地区经向水汽输送的重要途径,其对南极冰盖与海冰的影响在近年来愈发受到重视。南极大气河通常形成于高压脊(阻塞高压)与温带气旋之间的强向极经向输送带内。低频的大气河活动为南极带来强降雪,有利于冰盖质量增加。然而,强暖湿水汽侵入同时会导致表面融化、冰架崩解和极端高温,对冰盖质量存在潜在负贡献。大气河携带极端暖湿水汽与强风通过热力与动力过程导致海冰密集度下降。目前,大气河的识别算法仍不完善,其对液态降水的直接影响、与南大洋的相互作用等仍不清楚,需要进一步明晰大气河对南极冰盖与海冰的影响机制,以准确预估未来大气河对南极冰盖物质平衡与海冰变化的作用。

Review of the Cretaceous avian diversity of Antarctica:a changing scenario for the evolution of early Neornithine birds

The worldwide record of Cretaceous Neornithes and Neornithine-like birds is both controversial and poorly understood.However,in recent years,the Antarctic continent has yielded a substantial number of Maastrichtian avian specimens,contributing significantly to our understanding of the early evolution of this group.Simultaneously,the keen interest and collaborative efforts of various paleornithologists have resulted in a wealth of knowledge,which we have thoroughly reviewed,updated,and discussed in the context of recent discoveries.

Middle Eocene chondrichthyan fauna from Antarctic Peninsula housed in the Museo de La Plata,Argentina

In recent years,the taxonomy and systematics of the cartilaginous fish taxa from the Eocene La Meseta Formation of Seymour(Marambio)Island,Antarctica have been extensively discussed in a series of papers,resulting in a complete revision of the Antarctic Eocene ichthyofauna housed in the Vertebrate Paleontology collection of the Museo de La Plata,Argentina.This collection constitutes one of the largest and taxonomically most diverse in the world,with approximately 20000 specimens,which provides a solid database used for the analysis of qualitative and quantitative chondrichthyan taxonomic composition.The information provided herein might be useful to understand the sudden decline in chondrichthyan taxonomic diversity towards the top of La Meseta Formation as well as its potential relationship with environmental changes during the Eocene.

Contributions to the knowledge of Antarctodon sobrali(Mammalia:Astrapotheria)from the Eocene of Antarctica

The Astrapotheria constitutes one of the five orders of extinct South American native ungulates,with a fossil record that also extends to the Eocene of the Antarctic Peninsula.In contrast to the abundant specimens known for litoptern Sparnotheriodontidae and metatherians,astrapotheres are represented by scant remains assigned to the endemic Antarctodon sobrali and indeterminate astrapotheres,restricted to levels 35C_(u0)and 35n of the Cucullaea I Allomember of the La Meseta Formation.The discovery of alower molar assignable to this species in the Eocene levels of Seymour(Marambio)Island,enables a revision of the diagnosis and the homologies of the dental characters used to describe this taxon.A reanalysis of its phylogenetic relationships reveals the nearly simultaneous presence of basal astrapotheres in the early Eocene of Itaboraí(Brazil),Patagonia,and West Antarctica.These taxa are characterized by lacking dental specializations usually associated with more abrasive diets like terminal forms of Uruguaytheriinae and Astrapotheriinae.Antarctodon appears to have thrived on the Antarctic continent during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum within the paleoclimatic context of a hot-house world.Unlike present conditions in Antarctica where no terrestrial mammals inhabit,the early Eocene climate was characterized by warmer temperatures and a biologically diverse environment rich in primary producers,dominated by Nothofagus forests,encompassing both deciduous and evergreen forests,which supported a diverse assemblage of continental vertebrates.

The global Antarctic Research event,SCAR 2024

We are pleased to announce that“The 11th SCAR Open Science Conference”will take place in Pucón,Chile from 19-23 August 2024,hosted by the Chilean Antarctic Institute.Detailed information at https://www.scar2024.org/.The 11th SCAR Open Science Conference theme“Antarctic Science:Crossroads for a New Hope”,recognizes the importance of Antarctica as a unique and fragile ecosystem.With increasing concerns about climate change and its impact on the polar regions,this theme aims to highlight the significance of Antarctic research in shaping our understanding of global environmental challenges.By fostering collaboration and knowledge exchange,the SCAR Open Science conference hopes to inspire new solutions and a renewed sense of hope for the future of our planet.

Migration and role of zinc in biogeochemical cycles in the Antarctic Ice Sheet and the Southern Ocean

Zinc(Zn),a widespread metal in the Earth’s crust,serves as a crucial nutrient in the Southern Ocean’s primary production.Studies on Zn in Antarctic snow and ice offer insights into the origins of this metal and its transport routes,as well as its impact on the biogeochemical processes within the Antarctic atmosphere–land–ocean system.This review examines research on the spatial and temporal distribution of Zn in Antarctic snow and ice,as well as in Southern Ocean waters.It includes an overview of advanced methods for sampling and analyzing Zn,along with explanations for the observed variations.The review also discusses various sources of Zn as a nutrient to the Southern Ocean.Finally,it addresses prospective issues related to the use of Zn isotopes in identifying atmospheric sources and their biogeochemical effects on the development of the Southern Ocean ecosystem.

极地建筑发展综述与思考——以南极科考站为例

本文系统回顾了19世纪初至今南极科考站的发展历程,梳理了地缘政治、科技水平和设计理念的变化对其建设目标、建筑功能、建筑结构与形式演变的影响,总结以南极科考站为代表的极地建筑在环境可持续性、极端气候适应性和室内环境宜居性3个方面的未来发展趋势,提出低碳化、可变化、智能化的新一代极地建筑设计原型。在人类向外拓展生存空间、向内面临能源与环境双重危机的挑战下,借鉴极地建筑发展过程中的经验与教训,将为未来介质中的人居环境营建提供新的解决思路。

南极海底地名命名研究进展

随着多波束等海底探测技术的迅速发展,大量新的海底地理实体被发现并命名,海底地名命名活动日益活跃。近年来,越来越多国家的海底地名命名活动由深海大洋向两极拓展,尤其是南极,因其特殊的地理位置和资源环境,开展精细化海底调查并命名新发现的南极海底地理实体已成为一些国家未来“主张”或“拓展”其南极海洋权益的重要手段。本文针对南极海底地名命名的现状,对其管理情况、命名规则情况以及各国命名发展趋势进行了总结分析,在此基础上结合我国南极海底地名命名的实际提出了相关发展建议,为进一步彰显我国对南极事务的贡献提供有效手段。

东南极西福尔丘陵冰碛物中磁铁石英岩的识别与地质意义

广袤的南极大陆发育丰富的岩石类型,也蕴藏着丰富的自然资源。但南极大陆大部分地区常年被冰雪覆盖,难以进行直接研究;而散布在冰川周缘的冰碛物包含各种岩石类型,携带丰富的冰下地质信息,对理解南极大陆岩石组成、构造演化及成矿作用具有不可替代的作用。通过对东南极西福尔丘陵冰碛物研究,识别出了两种磁铁石英岩(条带状铁建造的组成岩石,简称BIF),分别为浅暗红色富赤铁矿磁铁石英岩和浅灰色磁铁石英岩。浅暗红色富赤铁矿磁铁石英岩的石英条带和磁铁矿条带相间分布,界线较为平直,矿物组合主要包括石英、磁铁矿、赤铁矿、褐铁矿等,含少量绢云母、磷灰石;赤铁矿含量约3%,分布在磁铁矿颗粒边缘或裂隙中,或呈颗粒状分布于石英条带中。浅灰色磁铁石英岩的石英条带和磁铁矿条带相间分布,条带边缘不平直,矿物组合主要包括石英、磁铁矿、赤铁矿、褐铁矿,含少量透辉石、透闪石、阳起石;赤铁矿含量很少(<1%),分布在磁铁矿颗粒裂隙内,或呈颗粒状分布于石英条带中。根据已有的结果初步推断东南极西福尔丘陵两种样式BIF具有相似的沉积环境,属阿尔戈马型。BIF中赤铁矿可能是由磁铁矿经历了一定程度的氧化作用形成,且赤铁矿形成时地球环境中氧气含量应处于上升过程。根据已有的资料推测,西福尔丘陵BIF形成时代在25亿年前,或可追溯至30亿年前,其形成机理与环境有助于解释地球早期地质及环境演化规律,值得将来深入研究。