超高温瞬时灭菌技术(ultra high temperature,UHT)在植物乳制品领域的应用备受关注。然而,关于UHT对植物乳制品品质特性的影响并未探明。为解决植物基酸奶在灭菌过程中存在的蛋白过度变性和微生物残留问题,研究了1∶8、1∶10、1∶12、1...超高温瞬时灭菌技术(ultra high temperature,UHT)在植物乳制品领域的应用备受关注。然而,关于UHT对植物乳制品品质特性的影响并未探明。为解决植物基酸奶在灭菌过程中存在的蛋白过度变性和微生物残留问题,研究了1∶8、1∶10、1∶12、1∶14、1∶16共计5个料液比梯度的核桃酸奶,探讨了UHT处理下不同料液比对搅拌型核桃酸奶品质的影响。研究结果显示,在不同料液比下,核桃酸奶的pH和酸度在发酵过程中表现出一致的趋势。料液比为1∶12时,核桃酸奶具有最高的硬度、稠度和持水性,分别为211.37 g、464.51 g·s和83.54%,相对于其他料液比有效地改善了核桃酸奶的品质特性。料液比为1∶8时,核桃酸奶具有最小的粒径,为37.63μm。综上,通过对核桃酸奶进行UHT处理并使用适宜的料液比,可以明显地改善核桃酸奶的品质特性。研究结果可为搅拌型核桃酸奶产品的生产提供关键的实验数据和理论支持,并为相关领域的学术研究和工业应用提供参考。展开更多
通过干法人工授精获得彭泽鲫受精卵,在水温为(28±0.5)℃条件下连续观察彭泽鲫胚胎发育过程。结果显示,彭泽鲫卵子呈浅黄色,卵膜透明,近似圆形,黏性、沉性卵,卵径为(1.65±0.15)mm。发育过程中,受精后53 min进入卵裂期,受精后3 ...通过干法人工授精获得彭泽鲫受精卵,在水温为(28±0.5)℃条件下连续观察彭泽鲫胚胎发育过程。结果显示,彭泽鲫卵子呈浅黄色,卵膜透明,近似圆形,黏性、沉性卵,卵径为(1.65±0.15)mm。发育过程中,受精后53 min进入卵裂期,受精后3 h 16 min进入囊胚期,受精后5 h 41 min进入原肠期,受精后8 h 55 min进入神经胚期,受精后12 h 03 min进入器官形成期,受精后37 h 26 min仔鱼孵化出膜,从受精到孵化出膜总积温1050.90℃·h。展开更多
Genetic load and inbreeding are recognized as important factors to be considered in conservation programs.Elevated levels of both can increase the risk of population extinction by negatively impacting fitness-related ...Genetic load and inbreeding are recognized as important factors to be considered in conservation programs.Elevated levels of both can increase the risk of population extinction by negatively impacting fitness-related characters in many species of plants and animals,including humans(inbreeding depression).Genomic tech-niques are increasingly used in measuring and understanding genetic load and inbreeding and their importance in evolution and conservation.We used whole genome resequencing data from two sibling grouse species in subarctic Eurasia to quantify both.We found a large range of inbreeding measured as FROH(fraction of runs of homozygosity)in individuals from different populations of Chinese Grouse(Tetrastes sewerzowi)and Hazel Grouse(T.bonasia).FROH estimated from genome-wide runs of homozygosity(ROH)ranged from 0.02 to 0.24 among Chinese Grouse populations and from 0.01 to 0.44 in Hazel Grouse.Individuals from a population of Chinese Grouse residing in the Qilian mountains and from the European populations of Hazel Grouse(including samples from Sweden,Germany and Northeast Poland)were the most inbred(FROH ranged from 0.10 to 0.23 and 0.11 to 0.44,respectively).These levels are comparable to other highly inbred populations of birds.Hazel Grouse from northern China and Chinese Grouse residing in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau showed relatively lower inbreeding levels.Comparisons of the ratio between deleterious missense mutations and synonymous mutations revealed higher levels in Chinese Grouse as compared to Hazel Grouse.These results are possibly explained by higher fixation rates,mutational melt down,in the range-restricted Chinese Grouse compared to the wide-ranging Hazel Grouse.However,when we compared the relatively more severe class of loss-of-function muta-tions,Hazel Grouse had slightly higher levels than Chinese Grouse,a result which may indicate that purifying selection(purging)has been more efficient in Chinese Grouse on this class of mutations.展开更多
Extra-pair paternity(EPP)is commonly found in socially monogamous birds,especially in small passerine birds,and there are interspecific and intraspecific variations in the extent of EPP.The Chestnut-vented Nuthatch(Si...Extra-pair paternity(EPP)is commonly found in socially monogamous birds,especially in small passerine birds,and there are interspecific and intraspecific variations in the extent of EPP.The Chestnut-vented Nuthatch(Sitta nagaensis)is a socially monogamous passerine bird,and verifying whether this species has EPP relies on parentage testing-S.nagaensis is not known to have EPP.In this study,we developed SNP markers of this species that are informative for parentage analysis from double digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing(ddRAD-seq)data.A panel consisting of 50 SNP markers,with a mean heterozygosity of 0.343,was used to resolve 95% of nestlings to fathers.The combined exclusion probabilities for the first parent and second parent were 0.991 and 0.9999,respectively.This panel of SNP markers is a powerful tool for parentage assignments in S.nagaensis.In addition,we found that three offspring(7.9%)from three nests(23.1%)were the result of extra-pair fertilization out of 38 offspring in 13 nests.Our study provided information on parentage analysis that has not been reported before in S.nagaensis.It also supplemented the understudied EPP behavior of birds in Asia,contributing to a general understanding of the EPP behaviors of birds.展开更多
Coilia nasus,a migratory fish species found in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and along offshore areas of China,possesses considerable aquacultural and economic potential.However,the species faces c...Coilia nasus,a migratory fish species found in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and along offshore areas of China,possesses considerable aquacultural and economic potential.However,the species faces challenges due to significant variation in the gonadal development rate among females,resulting in inconsistent ovarian maturation times at the population level,an extended reproductive period,and limitations on fish growth rate due to ovarian prematurity.In the present study,we combined genome-wide association study(GWAS)and comparative transcriptome analysis to investigate the potential single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)and candidate genes associated with population-asynchronous ovarian development in C.nasus.Genotyping of the female population based on whole-genome resequencing yielded 2120695 high-quality SNPs,39 of which were suggestively associated with ovarian development.Of note,a significant SNP peak on LG21 containing 30 suggestively associated SNPs was identified,with cpne5a determined as the causal gene of the peak.Therefore,single-marker and haplotype association analyses were performed on cpne5a,revealing four genetic markers(P<0.05)and seven haplotypes(r2>0.9)significantly associated with the phenotype.Comparative transcriptome analysis of precociously and normally maturing individuals screened out 29 and 426 overlapping differentially expressed genes in the brain and ovary,respectively,between individuals of different body sizes.Integrating the GWAS and transcriptome analysis results,this study identified genes and pathways related to hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis hormone secretion,extracellular matrix,angiogenesis,and gap junctions involved in population-asynchronous ovarian development.The insights gained from this study provide a basis for a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying ovarian development in fish and may facilitate the genetic breeding of C.nasus strains exhibiting population-synchronous ovarian development in the future.展开更多
文摘超高温瞬时灭菌技术(ultra high temperature,UHT)在植物乳制品领域的应用备受关注。然而,关于UHT对植物乳制品品质特性的影响并未探明。为解决植物基酸奶在灭菌过程中存在的蛋白过度变性和微生物残留问题,研究了1∶8、1∶10、1∶12、1∶14、1∶16共计5个料液比梯度的核桃酸奶,探讨了UHT处理下不同料液比对搅拌型核桃酸奶品质的影响。研究结果显示,在不同料液比下,核桃酸奶的pH和酸度在发酵过程中表现出一致的趋势。料液比为1∶12时,核桃酸奶具有最高的硬度、稠度和持水性,分别为211.37 g、464.51 g·s和83.54%,相对于其他料液比有效地改善了核桃酸奶的品质特性。料液比为1∶8时,核桃酸奶具有最小的粒径,为37.63μm。综上,通过对核桃酸奶进行UHT处理并使用适宜的料液比,可以明显地改善核桃酸奶的品质特性。研究结果可为搅拌型核桃酸奶产品的生产提供关键的实验数据和理论支持,并为相关领域的学术研究和工业应用提供参考。
文摘通过干法人工授精获得彭泽鲫受精卵,在水温为(28±0.5)℃条件下连续观察彭泽鲫胚胎发育过程。结果显示,彭泽鲫卵子呈浅黄色,卵膜透明,近似圆形,黏性、沉性卵,卵径为(1.65±0.15)mm。发育过程中,受精后53 min进入卵裂期,受精后3 h 16 min进入囊胚期,受精后5 h 41 min进入原肠期,受精后8 h 55 min进入神经胚期,受精后12 h 03 min进入器官形成期,受精后37 h 26 min仔鱼孵化出膜,从受精到孵化出膜总积温1050.90℃·h。
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC,Grant No.31520103903 to Y.-H.Sun and J.Hoglund)the Biodiversity Conservation Project of the Second Forest and Grass Ecosystem Recovery(Grant No.QHTX-2021-016).
文摘Genetic load and inbreeding are recognized as important factors to be considered in conservation programs.Elevated levels of both can increase the risk of population extinction by negatively impacting fitness-related characters in many species of plants and animals,including humans(inbreeding depression).Genomic tech-niques are increasingly used in measuring and understanding genetic load and inbreeding and their importance in evolution and conservation.We used whole genome resequencing data from two sibling grouse species in subarctic Eurasia to quantify both.We found a large range of inbreeding measured as FROH(fraction of runs of homozygosity)in individuals from different populations of Chinese Grouse(Tetrastes sewerzowi)and Hazel Grouse(T.bonasia).FROH estimated from genome-wide runs of homozygosity(ROH)ranged from 0.02 to 0.24 among Chinese Grouse populations and from 0.01 to 0.44 in Hazel Grouse.Individuals from a population of Chinese Grouse residing in the Qilian mountains and from the European populations of Hazel Grouse(including samples from Sweden,Germany and Northeast Poland)were the most inbred(FROH ranged from 0.10 to 0.23 and 0.11 to 0.44,respectively).These levels are comparable to other highly inbred populations of birds.Hazel Grouse from northern China and Chinese Grouse residing in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau showed relatively lower inbreeding levels.Comparisons of the ratio between deleterious missense mutations and synonymous mutations revealed higher levels in Chinese Grouse as compared to Hazel Grouse.These results are possibly explained by higher fixation rates,mutational melt down,in the range-restricted Chinese Grouse compared to the wide-ranging Hazel Grouse.However,when we compared the relatively more severe class of loss-of-function muta-tions,Hazel Grouse had slightly higher levels than Chinese Grouse,a result which may indicate that purifying selection(purging)has been more efficient in Chinese Grouse on this class of mutations.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Project of Yunnan(202101AT070040)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A20162)+1 种基金the Yunnan Provincial Department of Education Fund for Scientific Research Project(2023Y0722)the First Class Forestry Academic Subject in Yunnan Province.
文摘Extra-pair paternity(EPP)is commonly found in socially monogamous birds,especially in small passerine birds,and there are interspecific and intraspecific variations in the extent of EPP.The Chestnut-vented Nuthatch(Sitta nagaensis)is a socially monogamous passerine bird,and verifying whether this species has EPP relies on parentage testing-S.nagaensis is not known to have EPP.In this study,we developed SNP markers of this species that are informative for parentage analysis from double digest restriction site-associated DNA sequencing(ddRAD-seq)data.A panel consisting of 50 SNP markers,with a mean heterozygosity of 0.343,was used to resolve 95% of nestlings to fathers.The combined exclusion probabilities for the first parent and second parent were 0.991 and 0.9999,respectively.This panel of SNP markers is a powerful tool for parentage assignments in S.nagaensis.In addition,we found that three offspring(7.9%)from three nests(23.1%)were the result of extra-pair fertilization out of 38 offspring in 13 nests.Our study provided information on parentage analysis that has not been reported before in S.nagaensis.It also supplemented the understudied EPP behavior of birds in Asia,contributing to a general understanding of the EPP behaviors of birds.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFD2400904)Key R&D Projects in Hubei Province(2022BBA008)+1 种基金Zhenjiang Jinshan TalentsWuhan Yangtze River Characteristic Fish Breeding and Domestication Project。
文摘Coilia nasus,a migratory fish species found in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and along offshore areas of China,possesses considerable aquacultural and economic potential.However,the species faces challenges due to significant variation in the gonadal development rate among females,resulting in inconsistent ovarian maturation times at the population level,an extended reproductive period,and limitations on fish growth rate due to ovarian prematurity.In the present study,we combined genome-wide association study(GWAS)and comparative transcriptome analysis to investigate the potential single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)and candidate genes associated with population-asynchronous ovarian development in C.nasus.Genotyping of the female population based on whole-genome resequencing yielded 2120695 high-quality SNPs,39 of which were suggestively associated with ovarian development.Of note,a significant SNP peak on LG21 containing 30 suggestively associated SNPs was identified,with cpne5a determined as the causal gene of the peak.Therefore,single-marker and haplotype association analyses were performed on cpne5a,revealing four genetic markers(P<0.05)and seven haplotypes(r2>0.9)significantly associated with the phenotype.Comparative transcriptome analysis of precociously and normally maturing individuals screened out 29 and 426 overlapping differentially expressed genes in the brain and ovary,respectively,between individuals of different body sizes.Integrating the GWAS and transcriptome analysis results,this study identified genes and pathways related to hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis hormone secretion,extracellular matrix,angiogenesis,and gap junctions involved in population-asynchronous ovarian development.The insights gained from this study provide a basis for a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying ovarian development in fish and may facilitate the genetic breeding of C.nasus strains exhibiting population-synchronous ovarian development in the future.
