MOiler cells are the main glial cells in the retina, and are related to plexiform layer activity. Recent studies have demonstrated that Muller cells are involved in the synaptic conservation, plasticity, development a...MOiler cells are the main glial cells in the retina, and are related to plexiform layer activity. Recent studies have demonstrated that Muller cells are involved in the synaptic conservation, plasticity, development and metabolism of glutamate. During turtle retinal development, layers, cells and synapses appear at different times. The aim of this research is to study the emergence of Muller cells during embryonic development and their relationship with the synaptogenesis. The authors used retinas from Trachemys scripta elegans embryos at stages S14, 18, 20, 23, and 26. Some retinas were processed with immunocytochemistry in order to detect the presence of glutamine synthetase in Muller cells, which was used as a marker of these ceils. Other retinas from the same stages were processed for ultrastructural studies. Samples were observed in confocal and transmission electron microscopes, respectively. The present results show that glutamine synthetase expression in MOiler cells occurs at S18, before the emergence of the retinal layers and the early synapses.展开更多
Kainic acid can simulate excitatory amino acids in vitro. Neural stem cells, isolated from newborn Wistar rats, were cultured in vitro and exposed to 100 4 000 #M kainic acid for 7 days to induce neuronal cell differe...Kainic acid can simulate excitatory amino acids in vitro. Neural stem cells, isolated from newborn Wistar rats, were cultured in vitro and exposed to 100 4 000 #M kainic acid for 7 days to induce neuronal cell differentiation, causing the number of astrocytes to be significantly increased. Treatment with a combination of 0.5 mg/L gastrodin and kainic acid also caused the number of differentiated neurons to be significantly increased compared with treatment with kainic acid alone Experimental findings suggest that gastrodin reduces the excitability of kainic acid and induces neural stem cell differentiation into neurons.展开更多
Background There are definite gender differences in patients with macular holes. Menopausal women over 50 years are most affected. We aimed to observe the effect of estrogen on collagen gel contraction by cultured hum...Background There are definite gender differences in patients with macular holes. Menopausal women over 50 years are most affected. We aimed to observe the effect of estrogen on collagen gel contraction by cultured human retinal glial cells. It is speculated that estrogen could strengthen the tensile stress of the macula by maintaining the correct morphology and contraction. Methods Estrogen was used to determine its effects on collagen gel contraction, and its function was measured using morphological changes in cells. Human retinal glial cells were cultured in collagen solution. The cells were then exposed to collagen gels and the degree of contraction of the gel was determined. Results Estrogen at differing concentrations had no effect on the growth of human retinal glial cells. However, after exposed to collagen gel block, less contraction was noted in the estrogen-treated group than in the control group. Conclusions Estrogen can inhibit collagen gel contraction by glial cells. These results suggest a mechanism for macular hole formation, which is observed in menopausal females.展开更多
Cellular reprogramming allows for the de novo generation of human neurons and glial cells from patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders. Crucially, this technology preserves the genome of the donor individ...Cellular reprogramming allows for the de novo generation of human neurons and glial cells from patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders. Crucially, this technology preserves the genome of the donor individual and thus provides a unique opportunity for systematic investigation of genetic influences on neuronal pathophysiology. Although direct reprogramming of adult somatic cells to neurons is now possible, the majority of recent studies have used induced pluripotent stem cells （iPSCs） derived from patient fibroblasts to generate neural progenitors that can be differentiated to specific neural cell types. Investigations of monogenic diseases have established proof-of-principle for many aspects of cellular disease modeling, including targeted differentiation of neuronal populations and rescue of phenotypes in patient iPSC lines. Refinement of protocols to allow for efficient generation of iPSC lines from large patient cohorts may reveal common functional pathology and genetic interactions in diseases with a polygenic basis. We review several recent studies that illustrate the utility of iPSC-based cellular models of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders to identify novel phenotypes and therapeutic approaches.展开更多
文摘MOiler cells are the main glial cells in the retina, and are related to plexiform layer activity. Recent studies have demonstrated that Muller cells are involved in the synaptic conservation, plasticity, development and metabolism of glutamate. During turtle retinal development, layers, cells and synapses appear at different times. The aim of this research is to study the emergence of Muller cells during embryonic development and their relationship with the synaptogenesis. The authors used retinas from Trachemys scripta elegans embryos at stages S14, 18, 20, 23, and 26. Some retinas were processed with immunocytochemistry in order to detect the presence of glutamine synthetase in Muller cells, which was used as a marker of these ceils. Other retinas from the same stages were processed for ultrastructural studies. Samples were observed in confocal and transmission electron microscopes, respectively. The present results show that glutamine synthetase expression in MOiler cells occurs at S18, before the emergence of the retinal layers and the early synapses.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.30770758
文摘Kainic acid can simulate excitatory amino acids in vitro. Neural stem cells, isolated from newborn Wistar rats, were cultured in vitro and exposed to 100 4 000 #M kainic acid for 7 days to induce neuronal cell differentiation, causing the number of astrocytes to be significantly increased. Treatment with a combination of 0.5 mg/L gastrodin and kainic acid also caused the number of differentiated neurons to be significantly increased compared with treatment with kainic acid alone Experimental findings suggest that gastrodin reduces the excitability of kainic acid and induces neural stem cell differentiation into neurons.
文摘Background There are definite gender differences in patients with macular holes. Menopausal women over 50 years are most affected. We aimed to observe the effect of estrogen on collagen gel contraction by cultured human retinal glial cells. It is speculated that estrogen could strengthen the tensile stress of the macula by maintaining the correct morphology and contraction. Methods Estrogen was used to determine its effects on collagen gel contraction, and its function was measured using morphological changes in cells. Human retinal glial cells were cultured in collagen solution. The cells were then exposed to collagen gels and the degree of contraction of the gel was determined. Results Estrogen at differing concentrations had no effect on the growth of human retinal glial cells. However, after exposed to collagen gel block, less contraction was noted in the estrogen-treated group than in the control group. Conclusions Estrogen can inhibit collagen gel contraction by glial cells. These results suggest a mechanism for macular hole formation, which is observed in menopausal females.
文摘Cellular reprogramming allows for the de novo generation of human neurons and glial cells from patients with neurological and psychiatric disorders. Crucially, this technology preserves the genome of the donor individual and thus provides a unique opportunity for systematic investigation of genetic influences on neuronal pathophysiology. Although direct reprogramming of adult somatic cells to neurons is now possible, the majority of recent studies have used induced pluripotent stem cells （iPSCs） derived from patient fibroblasts to generate neural progenitors that can be differentiated to specific neural cell types. Investigations of monogenic diseases have established proof-of-principle for many aspects of cellular disease modeling, including targeted differentiation of neuronal populations and rescue of phenotypes in patient iPSC lines. Refinement of protocols to allow for efficient generation of iPSC lines from large patient cohorts may reveal common functional pathology and genetic interactions in diseases with a polygenic basis. We review several recent studies that illustrate the utility of iPSC-based cellular models of neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders to identify novel phenotypes and therapeutic approaches.
