Adult neural stem cells are neurogenesis progenitor cells that play an important role in neurogenesis.Therefore,neural regeneration may be a promising target for treatment of many neurological illnesses.The regenerati...Adult neural stem cells are neurogenesis progenitor cells that play an important role in neurogenesis.Therefore,neural regeneration may be a promising target for treatment of many neurological illnesses.The regenerative capacity of adult neural stem cells can be chara cterized by two states:quiescent and active.Quiescent adult neural stem cells are more stable and guarantee the quantity and quality of the adult neural stem cell pool.Active adult neural stem cells are chara cterized by rapid proliferation and differentiation into neurons which allow for integration into neural circuits.This review focuses on diffe rences between quiescent and active adult neural stem cells in nutrition metabolism and protein homeostasis.Furthermore,we discuss the physiological significance and underlying advantages of these diffe rences.Due to the limited number of adult neural stem cells studies,we refe rred to studies of embryonic adult neural stem cells or non-mammalian adult neural stem cells to evaluate specific mechanisms.展开更多
低氧预适应是通过亚致死的低氧处理后,激活体内小分子内源性保护机制,让机体对接下来的更严重或致死性低氧刺激产生耐受/抗性。神经细胞是一种能接收和传导兴奋的细胞,对氧含量的变化十分敏感,其能量代谢随氧气变化较为显著。在低氧环境...低氧预适应是通过亚致死的低氧处理后,激活体内小分子内源性保护机制,让机体对接下来的更严重或致死性低氧刺激产生耐受/抗性。神经细胞是一种能接收和传导兴奋的细胞,对氧含量的变化十分敏感,其能量代谢随氧气变化较为显著。在低氧环境下,神经细胞的腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸(adenosinetriphosphate,ATP)合成减少可激活AMP激活的蛋白激酶[adenosine5’-monophosphate(AMP)-activated protein kinase,AMPK]和TSC1/TSC2复合体抑制哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)。mTOR的一个复合物mTOR复合体1(mTORC1)的表达对机体的能量代谢产生影响。低氧预适应,通过激活或抑制一些基因表达让神经细胞有效利用氧气,使机体产生低氧耐受。在氧浓度低的生存环境下,通过低氧预适应调节能量变化增加机体存活的可能性。高原、航空航天事业、水下作业以及病理性的低氧时,低氧预适应诱导相关分子变化可防止对氧有大量需求的脑组织发生病变,增加神经细胞的存活时间,减少死亡。展开更多
The modern view of the immune system as a sensitizing and modulating machinery of the central nervous system is now well recognized.However,the specific mechanisms underlying this fine crosstalk have yet to be fully d...The modern view of the immune system as a sensitizing and modulating machinery of the central nervous system is now well recognized.However,the specific mechanisms underlying this fine crosstalk have yet to be fully disentangled.To control cognitive function and behavior,the two systems are engaged in a subtle interacting act.In this scenario,a dual action of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the modulation of brain network connections is emerging.Pro-inflammatory cytokines are indeed required to express physiological plasticity in the hippocampal network while being detrimental when over-expressed during uncontrolled inflammatory processes.In this dynamic equilibrium,synaptic functioning and the performance of neural networks are ensured by maintaining an appropriate balance between pro-and anti-inflammatory molecules in the central nervous system microenvironment.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82171336(to XX)。
文摘Adult neural stem cells are neurogenesis progenitor cells that play an important role in neurogenesis.Therefore,neural regeneration may be a promising target for treatment of many neurological illnesses.The regenerative capacity of adult neural stem cells can be chara cterized by two states:quiescent and active.Quiescent adult neural stem cells are more stable and guarantee the quantity and quality of the adult neural stem cell pool.Active adult neural stem cells are chara cterized by rapid proliferation and differentiation into neurons which allow for integration into neural circuits.This review focuses on diffe rences between quiescent and active adult neural stem cells in nutrition metabolism and protein homeostasis.Furthermore,we discuss the physiological significance and underlying advantages of these diffe rences.Due to the limited number of adult neural stem cells studies,we refe rred to studies of embryonic adult neural stem cells or non-mammalian adult neural stem cells to evaluate specific mechanisms.
文摘低氧预适应是通过亚致死的低氧处理后,激活体内小分子内源性保护机制,让机体对接下来的更严重或致死性低氧刺激产生耐受/抗性。神经细胞是一种能接收和传导兴奋的细胞,对氧含量的变化十分敏感,其能量代谢随氧气变化较为显著。在低氧环境下,神经细胞的腺嘌呤核苷三磷酸(adenosinetriphosphate,ATP)合成减少可激活AMP激活的蛋白激酶[adenosine5’-monophosphate(AMP)-activated protein kinase,AMPK]和TSC1/TSC2复合体抑制哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin,mTOR)。mTOR的一个复合物mTOR复合体1(mTORC1)的表达对机体的能量代谢产生影响。低氧预适应,通过激活或抑制一些基因表达让神经细胞有效利用氧气,使机体产生低氧耐受。在氧浓度低的生存环境下,通过低氧预适应调节能量变化增加机体存活的可能性。高原、航空航天事业、水下作业以及病理性的低氧时,低氧预适应诱导相关分子变化可防止对氧有大量需求的脑组织发生病变,增加神经细胞的存活时间,减少死亡。
文摘The modern view of the immune system as a sensitizing and modulating machinery of the central nervous system is now well recognized.However,the specific mechanisms underlying this fine crosstalk have yet to be fully disentangled.To control cognitive function and behavior,the two systems are engaged in a subtle interacting act.In this scenario,a dual action of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the modulation of brain network connections is emerging.Pro-inflammatory cytokines are indeed required to express physiological plasticity in the hippocampal network while being detrimental when over-expressed during uncontrolled inflammatory processes.In this dynamic equilibrium,synaptic functioning and the performance of neural networks are ensured by maintaining an appropriate balance between pro-and anti-inflammatory molecules in the central nervous system microenvironment.
