不同荷载作用下五边形石墨烯的变形破坏机理研究

五边形石墨烯是一种完全由碳五元环组成的准二维的亚稳态碳结构,在不同载荷作用下其变形破坏机理仍需进一步研究.本文基于ReaxFF反应力场采用分子动力学方法模拟研究了五边形石墨烯的拉伸、剪切和纳米压痕破坏过程,得到了五边形石墨烯的拉伸和剪切应力-应变曲线以及压入载荷-位移曲线,系统分析了五边形石墨烯的变形破坏机理,并验证了五边形石墨烯在不同载荷作用下是否表现出塑性变形特征的一致性问题.研究结果表明,通过拉伸或纳米压入等不同加载方式均可准确测出五边形石墨烯的本征力学性能参数,其杨氏模量265.4~285.1 N/m,与第一性原理计算结果一致.研究还发现,五边形石墨烯在拉伸、剪切和纳米压痕过程中均会出现不可逆的塑性变形特征,而引起塑性变形的原因是由于不可逆的碳五元环向碳多元环结构的转变.以上研究结果可为基于五边形石墨烯的微/纳米机电系统的实际应用提供重要指导.

用于压电传感器的层加层结构纳米纤维膜

通过聚丙烯腈(PAN)与改性木质素(CEHL-PTMG)接枝物进行共混,使用多层静电纺丝技术得到PAN|PAN/CEHL-PTMG|PAN层加层结构的纳米纤维膜,并制备一系列的薄膜。对制备的层加层结构纳米纤维膜进行表面形貌、构象、热性能、力学性能以及压电性能测试。实验结果表明:层加层结构使得薄膜的压电性能得到了大幅提高,PAN(11%,1 mL)|PAN/CEHL-PTMG(11%/2%,2 mL)|PAN(11%,1 mL)层加层结构纳米纤维膜的压电性能最为优异,输出电压和电流分别可达2.57 V、1468.0 nA;层加层结构薄膜的拉伸强度提高到了7.16 MPa,相较复合纳米纤维膜拉伸强度提高了7.51%,比纯PAN薄膜拉伸强度提高了52.67%;结构化后的薄膜的稳定性大幅提高,经过上千次的撞击仍能输出较好的电压;同时将其附于手指及手肘上,能更加明确地指示两者的运动,且在数值上出现较大的差距。

Nanoparticles for the treatment of spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injuries lead to significant loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions, presenting major challenges in neural regeneration. Achieving effective therapeutic concentrations at injury sites has been a slow process, partly due to the difficulty of delivering drugs effectively. Nanoparticles, with their targeted delivery capabilities, biocompatibility, and enhanced bioavailability over conventional drugs, are garnering attention for spinal cord injury treatment. This review explores the current mechanisms and shortcomings of existing treatments, highlighting the benefits and progress of nanoparticle-based approaches. We detail nanoparticle delivery methods for spinal cord injury, including local and intravenous injections, oral delivery, and biomaterial-assisted implantation, alongside strategies such as drug loading and surface modification. The discussion extends to how nanoparticles aid in reducing oxidative stress, dampening inflammation, fostering neural regeneration, and promoting angiogenesis. We summarize the use of various types of nanoparticles for treating spinal cord injuries, including metallic, polymeric, protein-based, inorganic non-metallic, and lipid nanoparticles. We also discuss the challenges faced, such as biosafety, effectiveness in humans, precise dosage control, standardization of production and characterization, immune responses, and targeted delivery in vivo. Additionally, we explore future directions, such as improving biosafety, standardizing manufacturing and characterization processes, and advancing human trials. Nanoparticles have shown considerable progress in targeted delivery and enhancing treatment efficacy for spinal cord injuries, presenting significant potential for clinical use and drug development.

Exploring Nanoscale Perovskite Materials for Next‑Generation Photodetectors:A Comprehensive Review and Future Directions

The rapid advancement of nanotechnology has sparked much interest in applying nanoscale perovskite materials for photodetection applications.These materials are promising candidates for next-generation photodetectors(PDs)due to their unique optoelectronic properties and flexible synthesis routes.This review explores the approaches used in the development and use of optoelectronic devices made of different nanoscale perovskite architectures,including quantum dots,nanosheets,nanorods,nanowires,and nanocrystals.Through a thorough analysis of recent literature,the review also addresses common issues like the mechanisms underlying the degradation of perovskite PDs and offers perspectives on potential solutions to improve stability and scalability that impede widespread implementation.In addition,it highlights that photodetection encompasses the detection of light fields in dimensions other than light intensity and suggests potential avenues for future research to overcome these obstacles and fully realize the potential of nanoscale perovskite materials in state-of-the-art photodetection systems.This review provides a comprehensive overview of nanoscale perovskite PDs and guides future research efforts towards improved performance and wider applicability,making it a valuable resource for researchers.

钾掺杂对纤锌矿型氧化锌电子结构和光学性质的影响

针对纯纤锌矿型ZnO禁带宽度较高,不能吸收大部分可见光的问题,采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理,构建了钾掺杂ZnO的4种超胞模型,并对4种模型进行几何优化,计算了KXZn1-XO的能带结构、态密度和光吸收性能。结果表明:采用广义梯度近似法(GGA)+U方法计算得到纯氧化锌带隙为3.373 eV,与实验值一致;随着钾掺杂量X的增大,ZnO的禁带宽度Eg出现先增大后减小再增加的现象,KXZn1-XO吸收带发生先蓝移后红移的现象。

Structure and electrochemical performance of delafossite AgFeO_(2)nanoparticles for supercapacitor electrodes

Delafossite AgFeO_(2)nanoparticles with a mixture of 2H and 3R phases were successfully fabricated by using a simple co-precipitation method.The resulting precursor was calcined at temperatures of 100,200,300,400,and 500℃to obtain the delafossite AgFe0_(2)phase.The morphology and microstructure of the prepared AgFeO_(2)samples were characterized by using field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),N_(2) adsorption/desorption,X-ray absorption spectroscopy(XAS),and Xray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)techniques.A three-electrode system was employed to investigate the electrochemical properties of the delafossite AgFeO_(2)nanoparticles in a 3 M KOH electrolyte.The delafossite AgFeO_(2)nanoparticles calcined at 100℃(AFO100)exhibited the highest surface area of 28.02 m^(2)·g^(-1)and outstanding electrochemical performance with specific capacitances of 229.71 F·g^(-1)at a current density of 1 A·g^(-1)and 358.32 F·g^(-1)at a scan rate of 2 mV·s^(-1).This sample also demonstrated the capacitance retention of 82.99% after 1000 charge/discharge cycles,along with superior specific power and specific energy values of 797.46 W·kg^(-1)and 72.74Wh·kg^(-1),respectively.These findings indicate that delafossite AgFeO_(2)has great potential as an electrode material for supercapacitor applications.

Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules Enabled by Tailoring Additive Distribution According to the Film Growth Dynamics

Gas quenching and vacuum quenching process are widely applied to accelerate solvent volatilization to induce nucleation of perovskites in blade-coating method.In this work,we found these two pre-crystallization processes lead to different order of crystallization dynamics within the perovskite thin film,resulting in the differences of additive distribution.We then tailor-designed an additive molecule named 1,3-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)thiourea to obtain films with fewer defects and holes at the buried interface,and prepared perovskite solar cells with a certified efficiency of 23.75%.Furthermore,this work also demonstrates an efficiency of 20.18%for the large-area perovskite solar module(PSM)with an aperture area of 60.84 cm^(2).The PSM possesses remarkable continuous operation stability for maximum power point tracking of T_(90)>1000 h in ambient air.

Gradient‑Layered MXene/Hollow Lignin Nanospheres Architecture Design for Flexible and Stretchable Supercapacitors

With the rapid development of flexible wearable electronics,the demand for stretchable energy storage devices has surged.In this work,a novel gradient-layered architecture was design based on single-pore hollow lignin nanospheres(HLNPs)-intercalated two-dimensional transition metal carbide(Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x) MXene)for fabricating highly stretchable and durable supercapacitors.By depositing and inserting HLNPs in the MXene layers with a bottom-up decreasing gradient,a multilayered porous MXene structure with smooth ion channels was constructed by reducing the overstacking of MXene lamella.Moreover,the micro-chamber architecture of thin-walled lignin nanospheres effectively extended the contact area between lignin and MXene to improve ion and electron accessibility,thus better utilizing the pseudocapacitive property of lignin.All these strategies effectively enhanced the capacitive performance of the electrodes.In addition,HLNPs,which acted as a protective phase for MXene layer,enhanced mechanical properties of the wrinkled stretchable electrodes by releasing stress through slip and deformation during the stretch-release cycling and greatly improved the structural integrity and capacitive stability of the electrodes.Flexible electrodes and symmetric flexible all-solid-state supercapacitors capable of enduring 600%uniaxial tensile strain were developed with high specific capacitances of 1273 mF cm^(−2)(241 F g^(−1))and 514 mF cm^(−2)(95 F g^(−1)),respectively.Moreover,their capacitances were well preserved after 1000 times of 600%stretch-release cycling.This study showcased new possibilities of incorporating biobased lignin nanospheres in energy storage devices to fabricate stretchable devices leveraging synergies among various two-dimensional nanomaterials.

Engineered Cancer Nanovaccines:A New Frontier in Cancer Therapy

Vaccinations are essential for preventing and treating disease,especially cancer nanovaccines,which have gained considerable interest recently for their strong anti-tumor immune capabilities.Vaccines can prompt the immune system to generate antibodies and activate various immune cells,leading to a response against tumor tissues and reducing the negative effects and recurrence risks of traditional chemotherapy and surgery.To enhance the flexibility and targeting of vaccines,nanovaccines utilize nanotechnology to encapsulate or carry antigens at the nanoscale level,enabling more controlled and precise drug delivery to enhance immune responses.Cancer nanovaccines function by encapsulating tumor-specific antigens or tumor-associated antigens within nanomaterials.The small size of these nanomaterials allows for precise targeting of T cells,dendritic cells,or cancer cells,thereby eliciting a more potent anti-tumor response.In this paper,we focus on the classification of carriers for cancer nanovaccines,the roles of different target cells,and clinically tested cancer nanovaccines,discussing strategies for effectively inducing cytotoxic T lymphocytes responses and optimizing antigen presentation,while also looking ahead to the translational challenges of moving from animal experiments to clinical trials.

Construction of 3D porous Cu_(1.81)S/nitrogen-doped carbon frameworks for ultrafast and long-cycle life sodium-ion storage

Transition metal sulfides have great potential as anode mterials for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)due to their high theoretical specific capacities.However,the inferior intrinsic conductivity and large volume variation during sodiation-desodiation processes seriously affect its high-rate and long-cyde performance,unbeneficial for the application as fast-charging and long-cycling SIBs anode.Herein,the three-dimensional porous Cu_(1.81)S/nitrogen-doped carbon frameworks(Cu_(1.81)S/NC)are synthesized by the simple and facile sol-gel and annealing processes,which can accommodate the volumetric expansion of Cu_(1.81)S nanoparticles and accelerate the transmission of ions and electrons during Na^(+)insertion/extraction processes,exhibiting the excellent rate capability(250.6 mA·g^(-1)at 20.0 A·g^(-1))and outstanding cycling stability(70% capacity retention for 6000 cycles at 10.0 A·g^(-1))for SIBs.Moreover,the Na-ion full cells coupled with Na_(3)V_(2)(PO_(4))_(3)/C cathode also demonstrate the satisfactory reversible specific capacity of 330.5 mAh·g^(-1)at 5.0 A·g^(-1)and long-cycle performance with the 86.9% capacity retention at 2.0 A·g^(-1)after 750 cycles.This work proposes a promising way for the conversionbased metal sulfides for the applications as fast-charging sodium-ion battery anode.

Solution‑Processed Thin Film Transparent Photovoltaics:Present Challenges and Future Development

Electrical energy is essential for modern society to sustain economic growths.The soaring demand for the electrical energy,together with an awareness of the environmental impact of fossil fuels,has been driving a shift towards the utilization of solar energy.However,traditional solar energy solutions often require extensive spaces for a panel installation,limiting their practicality in a dense urban environment.To overcome the spatial constraint,researchers have developed transparent photovoltaics(TPV),enabling windows and facades in vehicles and buildings to generate electric energy.Current TPV advancements are focused on improving both transparency and power output to rival commercially available silicon solar panels.In this review,we first briefly introduce wavelength-and non-wavelengthselective strategies to achieve transparency.Figures of merit and theoretical limits of TPVs are discussed to comprehensively understand the status of current TPV technology.Then we highlight recent progress in different types of TPVs,with a particular focus on solution-processed thin-film photovoltaics(PVs),including colloidal quantum dot PVs,metal halide perovskite PVs and organic PVs.The applications of TPVs are also reviewed,with emphasis on agrivoltaics,smart windows and facades.Finally,current challenges and future opportunities in TPV research are pointed out.

An Efficient Boron Source Activation Strategy for the Low‑Temperature Synthesis of Boron Nitride Nanotubes

Lowering the synthesis temperature of boron nitride nanotubes(BNNTs)is crucial for their development.The primary reason for adopting a high temperature is to enable the effective activation of highmelting-point solid boron.In this study,we developed a novel approach for efficiently activating boron by introducing alkali metal compounds into the conventional MgO–B system.This approach can be adopted to form various low-melting-point AM–Mg–B–O growth systems.These growth systems have improved catalytic capability and reactivity even under low-temperature conditions,facilitating the synthesis of BNNTs at temperatures as low as 850℃.In addition,molecular dynamics simulations based on density functional theory theoretically demonstrate that the systems maintain a liquid state at low temperatures and interact with N atoms to form BN chains.These findings offer novel insights into the design of boron activation and are expected to facilitate research on the low-temperature synthesis of BNNTs.

Advances in Graphene‑Based Electrode for Triboelectric Nanogenerator

With the continuous development of wearable electronics,wireless sensor networks and other micro-electronic devices,there is an increasingly urgent need for miniature,flexible and efficient nanopower generation technology.Triboelectric nanogenerator(TENG)technology can convert small mechanical energy into electricity,which is expected to address this problem.As the core component of TENG,the choice of electrode materials significantly affects its performance.Traditional metal electrode materials often suffer from problems such as durability,which limits the further application of TENG.Graphene,as a novel electrode material,shows excellent prospects for application in TENG owing to its unique structure and excellent electrical properties.This review systematically summarizes the recent research progress and application prospects of TENGs based on graphene electrodes.Various precision processing methods of graphene electrodes are introduced,and the applications of graphene electrode-based TENGs in various scenarios as well as the enhancement of graphene electrodes for TENG performance are discussed.In addition,the future development of graphene electrode-based TENGs is also prospectively discussed,aiming to promote the continuous advancement of graphene electrode-based TENGs.

双极膜水解离性能改进研究进展

双极膜因其独特的水解离性能、易与其他电化学技术集成等优势,在碳捕获、节能减排和资源综合利用等领域具有重要的应用。现有双极膜存在水解离效率低、选择渗透性和稳定性差等问题,严重制约其广泛应用,因此近年来,大量研究工作致力于提升双极膜水解离性能。本文从离子交换层性能优化、中间层催化剂及几何结构调控三方面,梳理了国内外双极膜水解离性能改进及优化策略,重点评述了水解离催化剂、膜结构调控规律等方面的研究进展,并对该领域面临的主要挑战和未来发展方向进行展望,以期为高水解离性能双极膜的开发提供借鉴,从而促进其在能源转化和资源再利用等领域的应用。

拉伸速率与拉伸温度对PVDF-HFP薄膜压电性能的影响

拉伸是提高PVDF-HFP薄膜压电性能最有效的方法之一。采用溶液浇铸法制备PVDFHFP压电薄膜,以拉伸速率和拉伸温度为变量,研究了薄膜拉伸前后形貌变化及晶体结构变化。结果表明,沿拉伸方向的应力可以迫使基体内部结构由球晶转变为纤维状晶体,从而促使非极性α相转变成极性β相,在拉伸伸长率为5、拉伸温度为60℃和拉伸速率为10mm/min时,薄膜的β相相对含量超过90%。在最大极化电场E_(max)=60 MV/m作用下,其标准开环电压达到1.50 V;在此拉伸工艺下,将最大极化电场提升到100 MV/m,薄膜的标准开环电压达到2.24 V,提高最大极化电场使基体内部固有偶极矩取向更充分,压电性能更优异。

掺杂CoFe_(2)O_(4)膨胀石墨对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附性能

为解决膨胀石墨吸附后回收难的问题,采用柠檬酸基的溶胶-凝胶法将CoFe_(2)O_(4)粒子负载到膨胀石墨中,制备磁性膨胀石墨。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和磁滞回线对样品的微观形貌和磁性能进行表征,研究了膨胀石墨和磁性膨胀石墨对Pb(Ⅱ)吸附性能的影响因素,包括吸附时间、Pb(Ⅱ)初始质量浓度、吸附剂用量和pH值等,并采用吸附动力学和吸附等温线模型对吸附行为及机理进行了分析。结果表明,膨胀石墨和磁性膨胀石墨对Pb(Ⅱ)的最大吸附量分别为95.6、69.8 mg/g,吸附动力学符合二级动力学模型,吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型。掺杂CoFe_(2)O_(4)粒子缩短了膨胀石墨对Pb(Ⅱ)吸附平衡所需的时间,并使最佳吸附pH值向更加中性条件迁移。

基于COMSOL的7075铝合金微弧氧化时间及正向电压对氧化膜层的影响

研究了微弧氧化时间及正向电压对7075铝合金膜层厚度以及生长趋势的影响。以7075铝合金为研究对象,在多物理场仿真软件COMSOL Mutiphysics的帮助下建立铝合金成膜过程中的物理模型,基于有限元的方法求解出了微弧氧化成膜过程中的膜层厚度变化。仿真得到特定时间或者特定电压下的膜层厚度分布图,根据仿真结果绘制了电压-膜层厚度曲线、时间-膜层厚度曲线。由仿真结果可以看出:当正向电压分别为350、400、450 V时,膜层的最大厚度分别为38.804、50.150、61.496μm;当微弧氧化时间分别为15、25、35、45 min时,膜层的最大厚度分别为25.075、41.792、58.508、75.225μm,且膜层厚度均呈现由中间向两侧逐渐减小的现象。根据仿真结果可以得出以下结论:随着正向电压的升高,膜层厚度增大;随着氧化时间的增加,膜层的厚度也增加。在膜层厚度分布上,越靠近阴极的位置膜层越厚,远离阴极的位置膜层比较薄,且不同参数下膜层的最厚点与最薄点出现的位置不变。

MnO_(2)/碳气凝胶复合电极材料的制备及其电化学性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法,利用可溶性淀粉制备碳气凝胶基体,并通过水热反应将MnO_(2)纳米结构在碳气凝胶(CA)表面原位生长,制得了MnO_(2)/CA复合电极材料,并对该复合材料进行了结构和形貌表征以及电化学性能测试.结果显示,MnO_(2)/CA复合材料相比于纯相的MnO_(2)有着更好的电化学性能.样品M15CA(原料中KMnO 4与CA以15∶1的质量比复合得到的样品)在1 A/g的电流密度下比电容可达202 F/g,电流密度从1 A/g增加至10 A/g时比电容保持率为77.4%,在10 A/g下经过10000次循环后比电容保持率为88.6%.复合材料性能的提升主要归因于CA高的导电性,其与MnO_(2)复合后电极的转移电阻显著降低.另外,CA的三维多孔网络结构有效防止了MnO_(2)的团聚,使得电极材料与电解液更加充分接触、反应活性位点增多.

电沉积法制备高纯镍粉

采用电沉积法制备高纯度镍粉,用Zeta电位仪、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射分析等手段分别表征产物镍粉的粒度、化学成分、微观形貌和微观晶体结构。系统探究了工艺参数电流密度、镍离子质量浓度、电解液pH值、NH_(4)Cl质量浓度、电解温度和取粉时间等因素对电积镍粉粒度、电流效率以及镍粉微观形貌的影响。结果表明,工艺参数电流密度、镍离子质量浓度、电解液pH值、NH_(4)Cl质量浓度、电解温度和取粉时间均对电积镍粉的粒度分布和形貌等有显著影响;电极板间距为30 mm时的最佳工艺参数条件为:电流密度为3000 A/m^(2)、电积液Ni^(2+)质量浓度为5 g/L、pH值为5、温度40℃、添加剂NH_(4)Cl质量浓度为10 g/L、取粉时间间隔为120 s,在此试验条件下所得镍粉粒度分布均匀,颗粒微观形貌为树枝状,镍粉纯度可达到99.87%;模拟工业生产电解液成分人工配制的含杂质离子Fe^(3+)、Cu^(2+)的硫酸镍溶液为电解液进行电积试验,可得到镍粉纯度为99.84%、粒度分布均匀、微观形貌呈树枝状的高纯镍粉。研究结果可为工业电积镍制备高纯镍粉提供参考。

热电金属有机框架和共价有机框架材料的研究进展

【目的】总结MOFs、COFs在热电应用方面的研究成果,探讨MOFs、COFs改性和热电性能优化方法,有助于金属有机框架(metal-organic frameworks,MOFs)、共价有机框架(covalent organic frameworks,COFs)及其复合材料的热电性能的研究。【研究现状】优化材料热电性能的主要方法,一是通过调控金属离子和配体官能团的类型、引入具有氧化还原活性或本质导电性的客体分子,优化MOFs材料的塞贝克系数和电导率,并通过增加散射中心来减小热导率;二是通过调整共价键和连接分子创建不同的电子特性以及化学掺杂,形成电荷转移复合材料,从而改善COFs的导电性能。【结论与展望】优化决定材料热电性能的热电优值的基本方法是在塞贝克系数、电导率和热导率3个参数之间进行权衡,增大塞贝克系数通常能够提升热电优值,但可能会导致电导率减小,而增大电导率则可能使得塞贝克系数减小或热导率增大。提出未来的研究须针对MOFs电子与声子输运机制进行计算与分析,为金属离子和有机连接体的合理选择提供依据;且将理论研究与实验设计相结合,通过精确的分子设计制备周期性长、缺陷少、取向好的COFs,促进质量输运和电荷转移,从而不断提高COFs的热电性能;研发应基于MOFs和COFs的柔性热电器件并实现在热电领域广泛应用。