第四代同步辐射光源加速器物理与技术

同步辐射光源是20世纪应用最广泛的高性能X射线源,已成为物理、化学、能源环境、生物医学、先进材料等领域前沿研究的重要工具。进入21世纪,基于电子储存环的同步辐射光源的发展前沿是第四代同步辐射光源(4GLS)。其采用紧凑型的多弯铁消色散结构,可以实现接近甚至达到X射线衍射极限的超低束流发射度,将光源亮度在第三代光源基础上进一步提升2—3个数量级。文章将重点介绍第四代同步辐射光源关键的加速器物理与技术,以及国际范围内第四代同步辐射光源装置的发展情况。

医用放射性同位素制备的现状与展望

医用放射性同位素可用于诊断、治疗疾病。随着国家的重视与人民的渴望,医用放射性同位素生产领域将迎来快速发展时期,本研究对医用放射性同位素的生产方式进行总结,着重介绍99Mo、125I、131I、177Lu、89Sr、18F、68Ga、225Ac等医用同位素制备方法和发展情况,结合2021年国家八部委联合发布的《医用同位素中长期发展规划(2021—2035年)》,对国内放射性医用同位素的现状进行总结。

能量选择中子成像谱仪Timepix3相机数据获取系统的研制

中子数据获取系统作为中子散射实验的核心组成部分,通过收集与物体相互作用的中子信息数据,为科学研究和工程应用提供重要的数据支持,帮助了解物质内部的微观结构。本文针对Timepix3相机在中国散裂中子源(China Spallation Neutron Source,CSNS)能量分辨中子成像谱仪(EnergyResolution Neutron Imaging Spectrometer,ERNI)上的工程应用,设计并研制了一套数据获取系统(Data Acquisition System,DAQ),该系统能够实现相机的自动控制,并依据40 ms的时间周期对数据进行高效的预处理。在系统硬件方面,采用多服务器集群来应对探测器的高数据带宽需求;在控制层面,采用了实验物理和工业控制系统(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System,EPICS)的软件框架提高了相机的自动化程度和谱仪接口的联动;在数据流处理上,采用了Kafka分布式流处理平台来使读出和分析解耦合,提高灵活性,并通过对数据流按照T_(0)(40 ms为中子打靶的脉冲周期)打包来对中子数据进行预处理。通过在ERNI谱仪上进行的样品透射成像实验,验证了整套数据获取系统在束流条件下运行正常,能够成功获取到中子数据并进行了分析,测试结果符合预期,满足了ERNI谱仪的工程需求。

高重复频率猝发多脉冲加载下交联聚苯乙烯真空沿面闪络特性

基于高重复频率强流多脉冲加速器的应用需求,针对交联聚苯乙烯(XLPS)材料在猝发多脉冲下的真空沿面闪络特性开展了实验研究。采用放置于平板电极中的XLPS圆台样品,在脉宽120 ns的单个脉冲和间隔500 ns的三脉冲加载下开展了真空沿面闪络实验,通过对实验平台和实验规范的优化设计,有效提升了实验效率和数据有效性,观测到了样品发生真空沿面闪络前的试样电压顶降现象和前序脉冲闪络对后续脉冲的显著影响,获得了XLPS材料在相应条件下真空沿面闪络的统计数据。在实验基础上,对XLPS材料在高重复频率多脉冲加载下的真空沿面闪络特性进行了分析,为高重复频率多脉冲加速器的绝缘设计提供了实验依据。

预电离间隙击穿特性及其对中储开关击穿稳定性的影响

紫外预电离中储开关是大型强电磁脉冲模拟装置的关键器件,中储开关预电离间隙击穿特性是影响开关性能的一个重要因素。在N_(2)气压为0.1~0.7 MPa的工作环境中,开展了预电离间隙的击穿特性及其对中储开关击穿稳定性影响的实验研究。预电离间隙的击穿特性实验结果表明,随着气压的增加,预电离间隙击穿电压呈现出不同的变化趋势:间隙距离较短时,击穿发生在预电离间隙钨针和铜电极之间的气体介质中,击穿电压呈现出渐进饱和的趋势;间隙距离较长时,低气压下的击穿发生在预电离间隙中,高气压条件下击穿发生在预电离电极的陶瓷套管表面气体介质中,此时击穿电压几乎不随气压发生变化。在电磁脉冲模拟装置中开展了预电离间隙击穿特性对紫外预电离中储开关击穿特性影响的实验,结果表明,当中储开关内部气压很高时,开关击穿分散性大于低气压区域。该结果可能与预电离间隙在高气压区域时击穿发生在陶瓷套管上有关,该现象导致预电离间隙击穿过早,使得预电离间隙击穿时刻与主间隙波形波峰时刻之间的时间差大于主间隙击穿的形成时延,从而增大了主间隙击穿电压的分散性。

工业辐照加速器迷道辐射场分布研究

针对目前常用的工业辐照加速器,通过现场监测和理论分析等方法,对加速器迷道内辐射场主要影响来源进行分析,在实际测量的基础上,对迷道辐射场分布情况进行模拟分析和量化研究。迷道内纵向辐射场分布较均匀,第一段迷道,迷道内的辐射场主要来源于迷道内的散射线,而透射线对其影响很小;对于第二段迷道,迷道内的辐射场主要来源于迷道内的散射线和透射线,而且两者贡献相当。该文研究成果为该类加速器迷道辐射场分布提供了有价值的参考和数据,对完善该类辐照加速器辐射防护标准体系有着重要的现实意义。

Determining beam transverse absolute position by triangulation of multi-electrode signal phase differences

Accurate measurement of the transverse position of a beam is crucial in particle accelerators because it plays a key role in determining the beam parameters.Existing methods for beam-position measurement rely on the detection of image currents induced on electrodes or narrow-band wake field induced by a beam passing through a cavity-type structure.However,these methods have limitations.The indirect measurement of multiple parameters is computationally complex,requiring external calibration to determine the system parameters in advance.Furthermore,the utilization of the beam signal information is incomplete.Hence,this study proposes a novel method for measuring the absolute electron beam transverse position.By utilizing the geometric relationship between the center position of the measured electron beam and multiple detection electrodes and by analyzing the differences in the arrival times of the beam signals detected by these electrodes,the absolute transverse position of the electron beam crossing the electrode plane can be calculated.This method features absolute position measurement,a position sensitivity coefficient independent of vacuum chamber apertures,and no requirement for a symmetrical detector electrode layout.The feasibility of this method is validated through numerical simulations and beam experiments.

Time-resolved ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering beamline(BL10U1)at SSRF

The construction of a new beamline,BL10U1,was completed at the Shanghai synchrotron radiation facility in 2020.This multipurpose beamline was designed to provide X-ray scattering techniques such as ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering(USAXS),small-angle X-ray scattering(SAXS),wide-angle X-ray scattering,and microfocus SAXS(μSAXS)for a broad user community.To realize fast time-resolved USAXS experiments,the beamline adopted an in-vacuum undulator with a total length of 1.6 m as the photon source.An in-house cryogenic-cooled double multilayer monochromator was installed to deliver a photon flux of approximately 10^(13) photons/s at a photon energy of 10 keV.The three-year successful operation of this beamline demonstrated that the monochromator operated smoothly,as expected.BL10U1 has three end stations in succession:USAXS end station,μSAXS end station,and end station for industrial applications.The minimum scattering vector q~0.0042 nm^(-1) at 10 keV can be achieved at the USAXS end station equipped with a 28 m-long and 1.8 m-diameter vacuum flight tube.At theμSAXS end station,a beam spot of less than 10×8μm was achieved for micro-SAXS experiments.In contrast,in situ experimental instruments up to 5 m high and 8 m wide can be mounted at the industrial application end station,which offers industrial scientists the opportunity to use their large industrial equipment.BL10U1 opens up a new capability to investigate phenomena such as non-equilibrium and dynamic processes of materials with a wide length scale from angstroms to micrometers with millisecond time resolution.In this paper,we also report beamline design considerations and commissioning results.

Research on intelligent search-and-secure technology in accelerator hazardous areas based on machine vision

Prompt radiation emitted during accelerator operation poses a significant health risk,necessitating a thorough search and securing of hazardous areas prior to initiation.Currently,manual sweep methods are employed.However,the limitations of manual sweeps have become increasingly evident with the implementation of large-scale accelerators.By leveraging advancements in machine vision technology,the automatic identification of stranded personnel in controlled areas through camera imagery presents a viable solution for efficient search and security.Given the criticality of personal safety for stranded individuals,search and security processes must be sufficiently reliable.To ensure comprehensive coverage,180°camera groups were strategically positioned on both sides of the accelerator tunnel to eliminate blind spots within the monitoring range.The YOLOV8 network model was modified to enable the detection of small targets,such as hands and feet,as well as larger targets formed by individuals near the cameras.Furthermore,the system incorporates a pedestrian recognition model that detects human body parts,and an information fusion strategy is used to integrate the detected head,hands,and feet with the identified pedestrians as a cohesive unit.This strategy enhanced the capability of the model to identify pedestrians obstructed by equipment,resulting in a notable improvement in the recall rate.Specifically,recall rates of 0.915 and 0.82were obtained for Datasets 1 and 2,respectively.Although there was a slight decrease in accuracy,it aligned with the intended purpose of the search-and-secure software design.Experimental tests conducted within an accelerator tunnel demonstrated the effectiveness of this approach in achieving reliable recognition outcomes.

Analytical computation of magnetic field in coil-dominated superconducting quadrupole magnets based on racetrack coils

Currently,three types of superconducting quadrupole magnets are used in particle accelerators:cos 2θ,CCT,and serpentine.However,all three coil configurations have complex spatial geometries,which make magnet manufacturing and strain-sensitive superconductor applications difficult.Compared with the three existing quadrupole coils,the racetrack quadrupole coil has a simple shape and manufacturing process,but there have been few theoretical studies.In this paper,the two-dimensional and three-dimensional analytical expressions for the magnetic field in coil-dominated racetrack superconducting quadrupole magnets are presented.The analytical expressions of the field harmonics and gradient are fully resolved and depend only on the geometric parameters of the coil and current density.Then,a genetic algorithm is applied to obtain a solution for the coil geometry parameters with field harmonics on the order of 10^(-4).Finally,considering the practical engineering needs of the accelerator interaction region,electromagnetic design examples of racetrack quadrupole magnets with high gradients,large apertures,and small apertures are described,and the application prospects of racetrack quadrupole coils are analyzed.

Ultrahigh spatiotemporal resolution beam signal reconstruction with bunch phase compensation

Various electromagnetic signals are excited by the beam in the acceleration and beam-diagnostic elements of a particle accelerator.It is important to obtain time-domain waveforms of these signals with high temporal resolution for research,such as the study of beam–cavity interactions and bunch-by-bunch parameter measurements.Therefore,a signal reconstruction algorithm with ultrahigh spatiotemporal resolution and bunch phase compensation based on equivalent sampling is proposed in this paper.Compared with traditional equivalent sampling,the use of phase compensation and setting the bunch signal zero-crossing point as the time reference can construct a more accurate reconstructed signal.The basic principles of the method,simulation,and experimental comparison are also introduced.Based on the beam test platform of the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)and the method of experimental verification,the factors that affect the reconstructed signal quality are analyzed and discussed,including the depth of the sampled data,quantization noise of analog-to-digital converter,beam transverse oscillation,and longitudinal oscillation.The results of the beam experiments show that under the user operation conditions of the SSRF,a beam excitation signal with an amplitude uncertainty of 2%can be reconstructed.

Multi-layer phenomena in petawatt laser-driven acceleration of heavy ions

Laser-accelerated high-flux-intensity heavy-ion beams are important for new types of accelerators.A particle-in-cell program(Smilei) is employed to simulate the entire process of Station of Extreme Light(SEL) 100 PW laser-accelerated heavy particles using different nanoscale short targets with a thickness of 100 nm Cr, Fe, Ag, Ta, Au, Pb, Th and U, as well as 200 nm thick Al and Ca. An obvious stratification is observed in the simulation. The layering phenomenon is a hybrid acceleration mechanism reflecting target normal sheath acceleration and radiation pressure acceleration, and this phenomenon is understood from the simulated energy spectrum,ionization and spatial electric field distribution. According to the stratification, it is suggested that high-quality heavy-ion beams could be expected for fusion reactions to synthesize superheavy nuclei. Two plasma clusters in the stratification are observed simultaneously, which suggest new techniques for plasma experiments as well as thinner metal targets in the precision machining process.

On-chip ultrafast stackable dielectric laser positron accelerator

We present a first on-chip positron accelerator based on dielectric laser acceleration.This innovative approach significantly reduces the physical dimensions of the positron acceleration apparatus,enhancing its feasibility for diverse applications.By utilizing a stacked acceleration structure and far-infrared laser technology,we are able to achieve a seven-stage acceleration structure that surpasses the distance and energy gain of using the previous dielectric laser acceleration methods.Additionally,we are able to compress the positron beam to an ultrafast sub-femtosecond scale during the acceleration process,compared with the traditional methods,the positron beam is compressed to a greater extent.We also demonstrate the robustness of the stacked acceleration structure through the successful acceleration of the positron beam.

Tunable energy spectrum betatron x-ray sources in a plasma wakefield

X-ray sources with tunable energy spectra have a wide range of applications in different scenarios due to their different penetration depths.However,existing x-ray sources face difficulties in terms of energy regulation.In this paper,we present a scheme for tuning the energy spectrum of a betatron x-ray generated from a relativistic electron bunch oscillating in a plasma wakefield.The center energy of the x-ray source can be tuned from several keV to several hundred keV by changing the plasma density,thereby extending the control range by an order of magnitude.At different central energies,the brightness of the betatron radiation is in the range of 3.7×10^(22)to 5.5×10^(22)photons/(0.1%BW·s·mm^(2)·mrad^(2))and the photon divergence angle is about 2 mrad.This high-brightness,energy-controlled betatron source could pave the way to a wide range of applications requiring photons of specific energy,such as phase-contrast imaging in medicine,non-destructive testing and material analysis in industry,and imaging in nuclear physics.

Reliability of DC-link capacitor in pulsed power supply for accelerator magnet

Capacitors are widely used in pulsed magnet power supplies to reduce ripple voltage,store energy,and decrease power variation.In this study,DC-link capacitors in pulsed power supplies were investigated.By deriving an analytical method for the capacitor current on the H-bridge topology side,the root-mean-square value of the capacitor current was calculated,which helps in selecting the DC-link capacitors.The proposed method solves this problem quickly and with high accuracy.The current reconstruction of the DC-link capacitor is proposed to avoid structural damage in the capacitor’s current measurement,and the capacitor’s hotspot temperature and temperature rise are calculated using the FFT transform.The test results showed that the error between the calculated and measured temperature increases was within 1.5℃.Finally,the lifetime of DC-link capacitors was predicted based on Monte Carlo analysis.The proposed method can evaluate the reliability of DC-link capacitors in a non-isolated switching pulsed power supply for accelerators and is also applicable to film capacitors.

The SLEGS beamline of SSRF

The Shanghai Laser Electron Gamma Source(SLEGS, located in BL03SSID) beamline at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF) is a Laser Compton Scattering(LCS) gamma source used for the investigation of nuclear structure, which is in extensive demand in fields such as nuclear astrophysics, nuclear cluster structure, polarization physics, and nuclear energy. The beamline is based on the inverse Compton scattering of 10640 nm photons on 3.5 GeV electrons and a gamma source with variable energy by changing the scattering angle from 20° to 160°. γ rays of 0.25-21.1 MeV can be extracted by the scheme consisting of the interaction chamber, coarse collimator, fine collimator, and attenuator. The maximum photon flux for 180° is approximately 10~7 photons/s at the target at 21.7 MeV, with a 3-mm-diameter beam. The beamline was equipped with four types of spectrometers for experiments in( γ,γ'),( γ,n),( γ,p), and( γ,α). At present, Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence(NRF) spectrometry, Flat-Efficiency neutron Detector(FED) spectrometry, neutron Time-Of-Flight(TOF) spectrometry, and Light-Charged Particle(LCP) spectrometry methods have been developed.

Design and high-power testing of offline conditioning cavity for CiADS RFQ high-power coupler

To validate the design rationality of the power coupler for the RFQ cavity and minimize cavity contamination,we designed a low-loss offline conditioning cavity and conducted high-power testing.This offline cavity features two coupling ports and two tuners,operating at a frequency of 162.5 MHz with a tuning range of 3.2 MHz.Adjusting the installation angle of the coupling ring and the insertion depth of the tuner helps minimize cavity losses.We performed electromagnetic structural and multiphysics simulations,revealing a minimal theoretical power loss of 4.3%.However,when the cavity frequency varied by110 kHz,theoretical power losses increased to10%,necessitating constant tuner adjustments during conditioning.Multiphysics simulations indicated that increased cavity temperature did not affect frequency variation.Upon completion of the offline high-power conditioning platform,we measured the transmission performance,revealing a power loss of 6.3%,exceeding the theoretical calculation.Conditioning utilized efficient automatic range scanning and standing wave resonant methods.To fully condition the power coupler,a 15°phase difference between two standing wave points in the condition-ing system was necessary.Notably,the maximum continuous wave power surpassed 20 kW,exceeding the expected target.

Noninvasive beam diagnosis based on the TM_(010)mode

A resonant cavity based on the TM_(010)mode is an effective tool for noninvasive beam characterization. This technique has the advantages of a high signal-to-noise ratio, compact structure, and is related to multiple parameters compared with other beam monitors. In this study, high-precision measurements of the bunch charge, arrival time, bunch length, and energy parameters based on the TM_(010)mode are discussed. A cavity beam arrival time monitor(BAM) utilizing a phase cavity has been widely used in many facilities. Regarding bunch-length measurements, the influence of the beam energy, beam offset,and longitudinal spectrum on the TM_(010)mode are carefully considered to reduce errors, and the theoretical resolution of two cavities with different frequencies is analyzed. Owing to the dependence of the beam velocity of the beam loss factor, this method can also be used for the detection low beam energy using two cavities with the same frequency but different cavity lengths. A set of three cavities with different lengths and frequencies of 1.902 and 11.424 GHz is presented for measuring the four aforementioned parameters.

1.3 GHz连续波超导射频腔的数字低电平射频系统和腔模拟器设计及测试

1.3 GHz连续波超导射频腔需要高精度低电平射频(LLRF)系统来稳定超导腔的电磁场。但由于1.3 GHz CW射频腔的高负载品质因数和宽电磁频段,射频腔在频域中的电磁带宽较小。射频功率源与射频腔体之间的微小电磁频率差异易造成发生器驱动谐振器控制系统的不稳定,最终导致腔体电磁场的变化。开发了一种自激环控制系统,以防止“有质”不稳定性的发生,并补偿微噪声的影响。此外,还开发了数字1.3 GHz射频腔体模拟器,用于验证LLRF系统的设计算法。测试表明,即使在射频腔失谐5 Hz时,自激励控制系统也能确保腔场的稳定性。经过对比,验证了1.3 GHz射频腔体模拟器是测试新算法的可靠平台。

Milestone progress of the HEPS booster commissioning

The high-energy photon source(HEPS)is the first fourth-generation synchrotron light source facility in China.The HEPS injector consists of a linear accelerator(Linac)and a full energy booster.The booster captures the electron beam from the Linac and increases its energy to the value required for the storage ring.The full-energy beam could be injected to the storage ring directly or after“high-energy accumulation.”On November 17,2023,the key booster parameters successfully reached their corresponding target values.These milestone results were achieved based on numerous contributions,including nearly a decade of physical design,years of equipment development and installation,and months of beam commissioning.As measured at the extraction energy of 6 GeV,the averaged beam current and emittance reached 8.57 mA with 5 bunches and 30.37 nm rad with a single-bunch charge of 5.58 nC,compared with the corresponding target values of 6.6 mA and 35 nm rad,respectively.This paper presents the physical design,equipment development,installation,and commissioning process of the HEPS booster.