1.Being different from both the 'literal meaning' of the western metaphysics and in certain sense the 'real meaning' of 'Meta-physica', the inner meaning of Chinese meta...1.Being different from both the 'literal meaning' of the western metaphysics and in certain sense the 'real meaning' of 'Meta-physica', the inner meaning of Chinese metaphysics would be broader, that is to say, in addition to 'Meta-physica', there are 'Meta-ethica' and 'meta-phorica' in Chinese metaphysics. Of course, the 'supra-physic' of the metaphysics of 'Meta-physica' still takes 'conformity' as the criterion of judgment. And the 'supra-ethic' of 'Meta-ethica' and the 'supra-symbolic' of 'Meta-phorica' take 'experience' and 'understanding (Aletheia)' as the way to the truth. 2. The Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) is the originator of the metaphysical approach of 'Meta-physica', and Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274), the great philosopher in the Middle Ages, takes it to the summit. From the modern time onwards, owing to the rapid development of physics, metaphysics, which is based on physics and at the same time 'transcends' physics, faces a rough time. The father of modem philosophy, Rene Descarte (1596-1650) makes metaphysics equal with physics. The confoundedness of metaphysics and physics, however, is not enough to curb the tendency of reason towards the realm of metaphysic. Then the German philosopher Immanuel Kant ( 1724-1804) attacks on the one hand the principle of causality and criticizes on the other hand Rationalism and Empiricism, which leads to many crises, especially sacrificing metaphysics to make basis for physics. Moreover, Empiricism and its later development, Analytical Philosophy, deny the possibility of metaphysics. Thus metaphysics encounters an enonnous catastrophe. Fortunately, the contemporary Neo-Scholastic Philosophy with its millennial tradition of 'Philosophy perennis' gradually surpasses the approach of 'Meta-physica' and tries to communicate with modern sciences in order to recover the glory of metaphysics. 3. The approach of ' Meta-physic a' examines the reality behind the sensible world by virtue of observing the sensible world, which is the same as the way of thinking in the Great Appendix of the I-King. Take a classic example, Fu Shi draws the eight trigrams by virtue of observing the world, which could see through the power of the divine and the imperceptible expressions of all things. However, Confucianism is always the mainstream of Chinese philosophy, of whose thought morality is the core. The Confucian metaphysics is therefore 'Meta-ethica', whose way of thinking is looking for the ultimate basis of morality through 'moral prescription. Starting with Confucius (551-479B.C.), besides proposing various virtues, and doing what is good and avoiding what is evil, Confucianism points out the philosophical question 'Why is morality' and meanwhile in certain respects gives explicit answers to it. The notion of 'Heaven' is the central idea. 4. In addition to the Confucianism, there is Taoism in the Chinese philosophy. Starting with Laotzu (ca. 571-467 B.C), Taoism is regarded as having profound metaphysical thought. The Taoist discussion of 'Tao' could be seen as a standard theme of 'ontology'. Whereas, Tao-fe-king affirms the 'Tao' as the' unnamed Tao' which can only be understood through 'metaphor', Therefore his metaphysical achievement has the character of' Meta-phoric'. Although 'Tao' can only be 'named as Tao' ,yet its metaphysically ontological character is still manifested. 5. Mencius (372-289 B.C.), on the one hand, changes Confucius' transcendental 'Heaven' into the inner existence by virtue of the theories of 'knowing Heaven through studying mind and nature' and 'knowing Heaven through cultivating mind and nature'. In the Sung and the Ming Dynasties, the Neo-Confucianists put all things in the human mind, which really arrives at the realm of 'the Ultimate Idealism'. Chuangtzu (ca. 369-286 B.C.), on the other hand, transforms Laotzu's transcendental 'Tao' into the inner existence through his theory of ‘Tao in excrement.' This thought of 'Tao is everywhere' has become the Taoist Pan-theism for two thousand years. 6. No matter whether 'being' is ontological transcendence or inner existence, and no matter whether it is ideal or pan-theistic, the ways of thinking of the Chinese metaphysics can still be seen from the three dimensions: 'Meta-physica', 'Meta-ethica', and 'Meta-phorica'.展开更多
本文要旨是,哲学知识对於个人及社会福祉有几个方面的贡献。在导论「什麽是哲学实务或哲学谘商?」中,我叙述了古代哲学对於灵魂与自我有所关怀的传统,在近二十五年里已被哲学家及其他人振兴了起来。「哲学心理分析」、「哲学谘商热...本文要旨是,哲学知识对於个人及社会福祉有几个方面的贡献。在导论「什麽是哲学实务或哲学谘商?」中,我叙述了古代哲学对於灵魂与自我有所关怀的传统,在近二十五年里已被哲学家及其他人振兴了起来。「哲学心理分析」、「哲学谘商热线」、以及「个人福祉与哲学咖啡馆」,是当代德国哲学家Gerd B. Achenbach、英国神学家Chad Varah、以及法国哲学家Marc Sautet将这些观念作特定应用的情形。在「哲学的慈善」中,我主张,对所有哲学实务的可能性来说,慈善就像一必要的怀疑的检验。展开更多
孔子以「十翼」赞《易》,而其中〈系辞传〉曾明白昭示:「是故形而上者谓之道,形而下者谓之器」,《易》所关切者,乃形而上之道是也。根据这项哲学信念,当代中国哲学家中,方东美与程石泉二先生均以《易》为中国形上学的源头,其基...孔子以「十翼」赞《易》,而其中〈系辞传〉曾明白昭示:「是故形而上者谓之道,形而下者谓之器」,《易》所关切者,乃形而上之道是也。根据这项哲学信念,当代中国哲学家中,方东美与程石泉二先生均以《易》为中国形上学的源头,其基本原理在於「创化生生」(creativity and unceasing generations)。他们并且认为西方哲学家中怀德海(A. N. Whitehead)的机体哲学与古易智慧最为接近。而怀德海,一位当代歷程哲学家,也曾在他的《歷程与真际》(Process and Reality)一书中提到:不同於一元論者以「绝对」(The Absolute)或者「神」是终极的,他的机体哲学乃以「创化」是终极的(ultimate);就这点而言,他所采取的立场似乎更接近某些印度或者中国的思想,而不接近西亚或欧洲的思想。本文将根据方程二先生这项洞見,促进中西歷程思想在「创化」议题上的文化交流与对话。文中将說明怀德海的创化思想与当代西方歷程哲学对於吾人了解《易经》可作的贡献,以及《易经》本於中国人本主义发展出创化宇宙观与天地人三才之道說,不受有神論与唯物論的思想限制,对於西方歷程哲学家应有的启示。展开更多
文摘1.Being different from both the 'literal meaning' of the western metaphysics and in certain sense the 'real meaning' of 'Meta-physica', the inner meaning of Chinese metaphysics would be broader, that is to say, in addition to 'Meta-physica', there are 'Meta-ethica' and 'meta-phorica' in Chinese metaphysics. Of course, the 'supra-physic' of the metaphysics of 'Meta-physica' still takes 'conformity' as the criterion of judgment. And the 'supra-ethic' of 'Meta-ethica' and the 'supra-symbolic' of 'Meta-phorica' take 'experience' and 'understanding (Aletheia)' as the way to the truth. 2. The Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) is the originator of the metaphysical approach of 'Meta-physica', and Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274), the great philosopher in the Middle Ages, takes it to the summit. From the modern time onwards, owing to the rapid development of physics, metaphysics, which is based on physics and at the same time 'transcends' physics, faces a rough time. The father of modem philosophy, Rene Descarte (1596-1650) makes metaphysics equal with physics. The confoundedness of metaphysics and physics, however, is not enough to curb the tendency of reason towards the realm of metaphysic. Then the German philosopher Immanuel Kant ( 1724-1804) attacks on the one hand the principle of causality and criticizes on the other hand Rationalism and Empiricism, which leads to many crises, especially sacrificing metaphysics to make basis for physics. Moreover, Empiricism and its later development, Analytical Philosophy, deny the possibility of metaphysics. Thus metaphysics encounters an enonnous catastrophe. Fortunately, the contemporary Neo-Scholastic Philosophy with its millennial tradition of 'Philosophy perennis' gradually surpasses the approach of 'Meta-physica' and tries to communicate with modern sciences in order to recover the glory of metaphysics. 3. The approach of ' Meta-physic a' examines the reality behind the sensible world by virtue of observing the sensible world, which is the same as the way of thinking in the Great Appendix of the I-King. Take a classic example, Fu Shi draws the eight trigrams by virtue of observing the world, which could see through the power of the divine and the imperceptible expressions of all things. However, Confucianism is always the mainstream of Chinese philosophy, of whose thought morality is the core. The Confucian metaphysics is therefore 'Meta-ethica', whose way of thinking is looking for the ultimate basis of morality through 'moral prescription. Starting with Confucius (551-479B.C.), besides proposing various virtues, and doing what is good and avoiding what is evil, Confucianism points out the philosophical question 'Why is morality' and meanwhile in certain respects gives explicit answers to it. The notion of 'Heaven' is the central idea. 4. In addition to the Confucianism, there is Taoism in the Chinese philosophy. Starting with Laotzu (ca. 571-467 B.C), Taoism is regarded as having profound metaphysical thought. The Taoist discussion of 'Tao' could be seen as a standard theme of 'ontology'. Whereas, Tao-fe-king affirms the 'Tao' as the' unnamed Tao' which can only be understood through 'metaphor', Therefore his metaphysical achievement has the character of' Meta-phoric'. Although 'Tao' can only be 'named as Tao' ,yet its metaphysically ontological character is still manifested. 5. Mencius (372-289 B.C.), on the one hand, changes Confucius' transcendental 'Heaven' into the inner existence by virtue of the theories of 'knowing Heaven through studying mind and nature' and 'knowing Heaven through cultivating mind and nature'. In the Sung and the Ming Dynasties, the Neo-Confucianists put all things in the human mind, which really arrives at the realm of 'the Ultimate Idealism'. Chuangtzu (ca. 369-286 B.C.), on the other hand, transforms Laotzu's transcendental 'Tao' into the inner existence through his theory of ‘Tao in excrement.' This thought of 'Tao is everywhere' has become the Taoist Pan-theism for two thousand years. 6. No matter whether 'being' is ontological transcendence or inner existence, and no matter whether it is ideal or pan-theistic, the ways of thinking of the Chinese metaphysics can still be seen from the three dimensions: 'Meta-physica', 'Meta-ethica', and 'Meta-phorica'.
文摘本文要旨是,哲学知识对於个人及社会福祉有几个方面的贡献。在导论「什麽是哲学实务或哲学谘商?」中,我叙述了古代哲学对於灵魂与自我有所关怀的传统,在近二十五年里已被哲学家及其他人振兴了起来。「哲学心理分析」、「哲学谘商热线」、以及「个人福祉与哲学咖啡馆」,是当代德国哲学家Gerd B. Achenbach、英国神学家Chad Varah、以及法国哲学家Marc Sautet将这些观念作特定应用的情形。在「哲学的慈善」中,我主张,对所有哲学实务的可能性来说,慈善就像一必要的怀疑的检验。
文摘孔子以「十翼」赞《易》,而其中〈系辞传〉曾明白昭示:「是故形而上者谓之道,形而下者谓之器」,《易》所关切者,乃形而上之道是也。根据这项哲学信念,当代中国哲学家中,方东美与程石泉二先生均以《易》为中国形上学的源头,其基本原理在於「创化生生」(creativity and unceasing generations)。他们并且认为西方哲学家中怀德海(A. N. Whitehead)的机体哲学与古易智慧最为接近。而怀德海,一位当代歷程哲学家,也曾在他的《歷程与真际》(Process and Reality)一书中提到:不同於一元論者以「绝对」(The Absolute)或者「神」是终极的,他的机体哲学乃以「创化」是终极的(ultimate);就这点而言,他所采取的立场似乎更接近某些印度或者中国的思想,而不接近西亚或欧洲的思想。本文将根据方程二先生这项洞見,促进中西歷程思想在「创化」议题上的文化交流与对话。文中将說明怀德海的创化思想与当代西方歷程哲学对於吾人了解《易经》可作的贡献,以及《易经》本於中国人本主义发展出创化宇宙观与天地人三才之道說,不受有神論与唯物論的思想限制,对於西方歷程哲学家应有的启示。