ESTMATION OF REALIZED HERITABILITY OF RESISTANCE TO FENPROPATHRIN,ABAMECTIN,PYRIDABEN AND THEIR MIXTURES IN ACARICIDE-SELECTED STRAINS OF TETRANYCHUS CINNABARINUS (BOIDUVAL)

Threshold trait analysis was used to estimate realized heritability (h 2) of re sistance to five acaricides (three single acaricide and two mixtures) and resistance risk in Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boiduval). Tetranychus cinnabarinus collected from the field of Beibei, Chongqing reared more than 60 generations under pesticide free conditions and considered s usceptible. Successively selected for about 30 generations, the strain had a 65.55-, 5.82 - , 1.23-, 5.20- and 1.42-fold increase in resistance to fenpropathrin, abam ectin, pyridaben, pyridab en-abamectin (pyridaben: abamectin=7.4:0.1, m/m) and fenpropathrin-abamectin (fenpropathri n: abamectin=8.9:0.1, m/m), respectively. The realized heritability of resista nce t o fenpropathrin, abamectin, pyridaben, pyridaben-abamectin (pyridaben: abamectin=7.4:0.1, m/m) and fenpropathrin-abamectin (fenpropathrin: abamectin=8.9:0.1, m/m) is 0.2167, 0 .0967, 0.0130, 0.0800 and 0.0172, respectively. Under the selected condition, a 10-fold incr ease in resistance would be expected 15 generations for fenpropathrin, 34 generations for abamectin , 333 generations for pyridaben, 42 generations for pyridaben-abamectin (pyridaben: a bamectin=7.4:0.1, m/m) and 200 generations for fenpropathrin-abametcin (fenpropathrin: abamectin= 8.9:0.1, m/m). The highest resistance risk of the five acaricides in Tetranychus cinnabarinus was fenpropathrin, then abamection, pyridaben-abamectin (pyridaben: abamectin=7.4:0.1, m/m), fen propathrin- abamectin (fenpropathrin: abamectin=8.9:0.1, m/m) and that to py ridaben was the lowest. The mixture of pyridaben and abamectin is not useful in delaying development of resistance in the pest to the two single acaricide while the mixture of fenpropathrin and abamectin could do it.

USING RAPD\|PCR TO DISTINGUISH BIOTYPES OF BEMISIA TABACI (HOMOPTERA:ALEYRODIDAE) IN CHINA

Ten populations of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) collected from eight fieed and ornamental crops from seven provinces/cities in China were determined using RAPD PCR. Results showed that the 10 populations of B.tabaci could be classified into three distinct groups: a Biotype B group, a Guangxi group, and a Fujian group. The whiteflies in the Biotype B group were collected from sweetpotato and cotton in Beijing, tomato in Shandong, poinsettia in Shanghai and Guangdong, cabbage in Fujian, and hemp and eggplant in Xinjiang. The Guangxi group were collected from pumpkin in Nanning, Guangxi, and the Fujian group, from sweetpotato in Fujian. It was notable that B.tabaci specimens collected on cabbage in Fujian belonged to the Biotype B group. It is clear that Biotype B does now occur in China, in Beijing, Shandong, Xinjiang, Shanghai, Fujian and Guangdong. It is likely that the Guangxi and Fujian groups are native to China.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND REPRODUCTION OF BEMISIA TABACI B BIOTYPE (HOMOPTERA:ALEYRODIDAE)

The development, survivorship and reproduction of Bemisia tabaci B bi otype on eggplant at seven constant temperatures (17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32 and 35℃) were studied. The developmental periods from egg to adult varied from 48.7 days at 17℃ to 13.9 days at 29℃ and the develo pmental threshold estimated for a generation by linear regression was 12.4℃. The optimum temperature for B. tabaci population growth was 26℃, both extremely low (<17℃) and high temperature (>32℃) delayed the de velopment. Survivorships from egg to adult was 67.3 % at 26℃, 27.6 % and 29.0 % at 35℃ and 17℃ resp ectively. The average longevity of females ranged from 39.6 days at 20℃ to 12.8 days at 35℃. Ovipo sition per female varied from 164.8 eggs at 20℃ to 78.5 eggs at 32℃. Both the longevity and oviposition of B. tabaci females at different temperatures were significantly different ( P < 0.05), and the intrinsic rate of natural increase ( r m ) for B. tabaci at 29℃ was the highest.

EFFECTS OF CADMIUM ON HOUSEFLY: INFLUENCE ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT AND METABOLISM DURING METAMORPHOSIS OF HOUSEFLY

The objective of this study was to elucidate the effects of cadmium on housefly, Musca domestica. It is suggested that of cadmium in low concentrations of had little influence on growth and development of housefly. Cadmium was mainly distributed in the digestive tracts of housefly larvae, where the cadmium content was higher than that of other parts. During the metamorphosis of housefly the change trend of the cadmium content was very apparent. The cadmium content increased gradually in larval period, whereas it decreased significantly after pupariation. Until the sixth day after emergence, only negligible cadmium was left in adult housefly. All these results demonstrated that the response of housefly to cadmium is an evolution adaptation in natural selection.

CLONING AND COMPARISON OF THE GENES ENCODING PREPROAPAMIN FROM THE VENOM OF 2 HONEYBEE AND 4 WASP SPECIES

Preproapamin genes were amplified by RT-PCR from total RNA from the venom glands of 2 honeybee species, Apis mellifera, A. cerana cerana, and 4 wasp species, Vespa magnifica, V. velutina nigrothorax and Polistes hebraeus, respectively. Their PCR products were ligated into pGEM -T easy vector and the nucleotide sequences analyzed. The six fragments were all 141?bp in length and contained a n ORF coding the precursor of apamin. The apamin precursors of V. magnifica, V. velutina nigrothorax and P. hebraeus had 95% and 93% similarity with that of A. melliera in nucleotide and amino acid sequences, respectively. That of Vespu la maculifrons was identical to that of A. mellifera in nucleotide and amino acid sequences. Apamin precursors of V. magnifica, P. hebraeus and V. velutina nigrothorax also had the same nucleotide sequences. The nucleotide sequences o f preproapamin genes from the Chinese honeybee, A. cerana cerana and 4 wasp sp ecies are described for the first time. A notable discovery was that the wasps species had exactly same apamins as the honeybees despite the fact they belong to different insect families.

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF HOPLOPLEURA PACIFICA (ANOPLURA: HOPLOPLEURIDAE) ON ITS DOMINANT RAT HOST, RATTUS FLAVIPECTUS IN YUNNAN, CHINA

Hoplopleura pacifica is a dominant species of ectoparasitic sucking lice on the body surface of a common rat species, Rattus flavipectus in Yunan province of China. To illustrate the spatial distribution pattern of H. pacifica among the individuals of R. flavipectus, Iwao's linear regression method and a significance test of random deviation for the method were used, and a regression equation was established in the light of Iwao's method. The established equation is M*12.10+4.76M (r0.75, P<0.01) where both α and β are considerably higher than 0 and 1, the border values for determining spatial pattern of populations. The calculated F value is F6.07 (P<0.05) in the significance test of random deviation. The spatial distribution pattern of H. pacifica among the individuals of R. flavipectus is of aggregated distribution. The result suggests that the individuals of H. pacifica have a tendency to congregate together and form different individual groups instead of evenly distributing on the body surface of every rat host.

COMPARISON OF ENERGY RESERVES AND UTILIZATION IN LIPOSCELIS BOSTRYCHOPHILA POPULATIONS SELECTED FOR TOLERANCE TO CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE

One population of Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel (CA selected) was exposed to a controlled atmosphere(CA) (35% CO 2+1% O 2, balance N 2) for 30 generations. Another population (control) was reared under natural atmospheric conditions. Reserves of triacylglycerol, polysaccharides and free amino acids were evaluated in adults of the CA selected and the control populations in generations F 15 and F 30 The utilization rate of triacylglycerol and polysaccharides in the CA exposure were also determined in generation F 30. The results indicate that the reserves of triacylglycerol and polysaccharides increased significantly during selection for CA tolerance; the higher the tolerance level, the greater the reserves. A total of 15 free amino acids constituents were detected in both populations. The total amino acid content in the CA selected population was obviously higher than that in the control population. Exposure of this population to a controlled atmosphere was associated with a steady utilization of reserves. In contrast, the unselected population responded to the controlled atmosphere by accelerated utilization of triacylglycerol and polysachharides. Comparison of utilization rates during CA exposure showed that triacylglycerol is the main energy source, and polysaccharides contribute only a small extent to the metabolic energy supply.

THE CLONING, SEQUENCING AND EXPRESSION OF THE LdMNPV POLYHEDRIN GENE

LdMNPV-NEFU isolate collected from the forestry farm of Northeast Forestry University was purified and the genomic DNA of LdMNPV was extracted. The LdMNPV polyhedrin gene was cloned by PCR. The results showed that the sequence was an open reading frame (ORF) of 735bp capable of encoding 245 amino acids. The polyhedrin gene sequences of the LdMNPV-NEFU isolate and a Canada strain, LdMNPV-G differed in 5 bases. The polyhedrin gene of the LdMNPV-NEFU isolate contained C, G, T, C and G at 54, 109,379, 508 and 701 sites from the start codon, but the LdMNPV-G isolate contained G, C, C, T and T at the corresponding sites respectively. The same amino acids were encoded by the two ORF sequences, with the exception that Asp and His are encoded by GAC on the polyhedrin gene sequence of the LdMNPV-NEFU isolate and by CAC in the LdMNPV-G isolate. The LdMNPV polyhedrin gene was expressed in E.coli BL21 (DE3) by the pT7-7 plasmid vector.

CLONING AND EXPRESSION OF SPODOPTERA LITURA UBIQUITIN GENE

Ubiquitin (UBI) plays a very important role in regulated non-lysosoma l ATP dependent protein degradation. In the present work, the coding sequence of Spodoptera litura UBI gene was isolated (GenBank Accession No. AF436066). Th e le ngth of this ORF is 228bp, encoding a protein with Mr of 8.56 kD and isoelectri c point of 6.56. Multiple sequence alignment indicated that S.litura UBI is very similar to the homologous proteins of other eukaryotic species and it has 84% id entity with S.litura nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpltMNPV) UBI at amino acid level . RT -PCR analysis showed that S.litura UBI gene is ubiquitously expressed in la rva t issues which are susceptible to SpltMNPV infection. By constructing E.coli e xpre ssion vector, S.litura UBI was highly expressed and the recombinant protein was purified using Ni-NTA resin column, and currently further study on the function of S.litura UBI in SpltMNPV infection is underway.

CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTHROPOD COMMUNITY AND THEIR DIVERSITY RESTORATION IN LEAFY VEGETABLE FIELDS

The effect of chemical insecticides on the structure and diversity of arthropod communities in various vegetable fields and the restoration of their biodiversity after stopping application of chemical insecticides were studied. The results showed that the effect of chemical insecticides on the arthropods in vegetable fields could be characterized the species structure, the diversity index and the evenness of species distribution. Components of arthropod species depended closely on the species number of insect pests, predatory natural enemies and spiders. Investigations showed that the numbers of species in the vegetable fields managed with chemical insecticides were obviously reduced, and their diversity indices were lower comparing with that without chemical insecticides. When the applications of chemical insecticides were stopped in vegetable fields, the index of population trend ( I ) of dominant insect pests decreased greatly, the control effect of natural enemies on major insect pests increased, and the diversity index of arthropod increased at the same time. Thus, limiting the application of chemical insecticides, resuming the environment of vegetable fields destroyed by using chemical insecticides, escalating the control ability of natural enemies on main insect pests will play an important role in the ecological control of insect pests in vegetable fields.

STUDIES ON CULTIVAR-INDUCED CHANGES IN INSECTICIDE SUSCEPTIBILITY AND ITS RELATED ENZYME ACTIVITIES OF THE WHITE BACKED PLANTHOPPER, SOGATELLA FURCIFERA (HORVTH) (HOMOPTERA:DELPHACIDAE)

The susceptibility of Sogatella furcifera female adults on N22 to malathion increased as feeding time prolonged, while the day change of susceptibility to isoprocarb showed a inverse tendency. The activities of esterase and carboxylesterase were induced significantly after on N22 for one day, and then declined. The non susceptible level of adults to insecticides and enzyme activities seemed to be heightened after feeding on ASD7, a variety resistant to Nilaparvata lugens. The total phenol content in rice leaf sheath was the highest in N22, and could be regarded as one of the factors, which caused chages in susceptibility of S. furcifera to insecticide after feeding different rice varieties. It was recommended that suitable insecticides and planthopper resistant varieties should be coordinately used in practice so that they contribute more effects respectively.

COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY OF TWO GEOGRAPHICAL POPULATIONS OF THE SOUTHERN COWPEA WEEVIL, CALLOSOBRUCHUS CHINENSIS (L.) (COLEOPTERA: BRUCHIDAE) IN SOUTHWEST CHINA

The differences of bionomics and ecologics of the two populations of Callosobruchus chinensis on mung bean (Vigna radiatus) at six constant temperatures ( 20, 25, 28, 30, 32, 35℃) and 75% r. h. were researched. ANOVA showed that temperature affected the developmental period and fertility significantly (P<0.05). T-test indicated there was significant difference of the combined immature stages between the two geographical populations at 25 and 32℃ (P<0.05). The average oviposition between the two geographical populations differed significantly at the same temperature (P<0.05). At 30℃ and 75% r. h., effects of 5 commercially grown legume seeds on development and reproduction of the two geographical populations of Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) were researched. The results showed that broad bean and soybean were more suitable for increase for Xichang population in terms of r m values. The adult weight and diameter of emergency hole of the two populations were also compared. According to the differences in the characteristics of development, reproduction, and damage to host seeds between the two geographical populations, conclusion can be drawn that both are different geographical populations.

DIFFERENCES IN SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INSECTICIDES BETWEEN ADULTS AND LARVAE OF HOUSEFLY, MUSCA DOMESTICA(L.)

In this paper,we reported the differences in susceptibility to insecticides between adults and larvae of housefly, Musca domestica (L.),and the mechanisms for the differences.The larvae of housefly were much more tolerant to insecticides than the adults,and the tolerance ratio to cyhalothrin was as high as 205.5 for susceptible strain.Mechanism studies showed that higher GST activity was associated with higher insecticide tolerance in the larvae.The co\|toxicity coefficient of the mixture of cyhalothrin and methylene dithiocyanate(4∶1) on pyrethroid\|resistant houseflies was 188.

STUDIES ON SELECTIVE TOXICITY OF SIX INSECTICIDES BETWEEN GREEN PEACH APHID AND LADYBIRDS

The selective toxicity of six kinds of insecticides, including imidacloprid, imidacloprid+synergist (SV1), fenvalerate, endosulfan, methomyl and dimethoate, between the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) and two species of ladybirds (Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus and Propylaea japonica Thunbery), was investigated in the laboratory. The results showed that both imidacloprid WP and imidacloprid+synergist (SV1) EC possessed the highest toxicity to the aphids. Between C. septempunctata and M. persicae and between P. japonica and M. persicae, the selective toxicity ratios (STRs) of imidacloprid WP, imidacloprid+ synergist (SV1) EC and endosulfan EC were 37.6 and 13.0, 9.84 and 7.75, 54.0 and 7.28 respectively. All of them showed rather high selective toxicity. The STRs of fenvalerate EC, dimethoate EC and methomyl EC were all very low, ranging from 0.02 to 0.21, indicating their low degree of safety to the two species of ladybirds. The results demonstrated that imidacloprid WP and imidacloprid+SV1 EC not only had rather high toxicity to the aphids, but also reduced strikingly the reproduction rate and fecundity of the survival aphids. Insecticides can induce the relative fitness of insects decrease. Among the six insecticides tested with M. persicae, the following were insecticides and the order of induction was: imidacloprid + SV1> imidacloprid > endosulfan > methomyl > fenvalerate > dimethoate.

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF COFFEE STEM BORERS, XYLOTRECHUS QUARDRIPES AND ACALOLEPTA CERVINUS, BY BEAUVERIA BASSIANA PREPARATION

The use of Beauveria bassiana proparations for control of coffee stem borers, Xylotrechus quardripes Chevr. and Acalolepta cervinus (Hope), as tested in the laboratory and field conditions. The results show that each instar of coffee stem borers could be infected and killed successfully when being inoculated or contacted with B. bassiana . The control efficacy under indoor cultivation conditions exceeded 90% within 15 days. Jamming drilled hole with fungal mud resulted in the accumulative mortality and corrected mortality of >90% within 20 days. In the field, three methods, jamming drilled holes with bamboo sticker, bamboo sticker with fungal mud, and fungal mud only, were employed, and each led to the control effect of > 90% within 20 days. However, spraying suspensions and dusting powder of B. bassiana was insignificant. The yield of fresh coffee fruits in biological control area was 125 7?kg/0 067?ha greater than that of control area when being harvested in February. Compared the cost of microbial control with that of chemical control, B. bassiana proved to be a profitable, effective, and safe biocontrol agent against coffee stem borer.

BIONOMIC OF CAMPOLETIS CHLORIDEAE (HYM:ICHNEUMONIDAE)AS A PARASITOID OF THE COTTON BOLLWORM HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA (LEP:NOCTUIDAE) *

The bionomics of Campoletis chlorideae and the regularity of its seasonal fluctuations were studied in Changsha district,Hunan province. Field investigation indicated that there were ten generations of C. chlorideae a year, of which seven occurred in cotton fields. Three peaks of cotton bollworm parasitization by C. chlorideae were observed, early May to late June, mid August to early September, mid September to mid October respectively. One peak occurred in tomato and tobacco fields, the other two in cotton fields. The parasitization rate ranged from 25.1%- 63.1%. The total development time from egg to adult ranged from 13.0 days at 32℃ to 75.5 days at 11.6℃. Each wasp could parasitize the 5-23 second instar larvae of tobacco caterpillar. C. chlorideae could parasitize the cotton bollworm, beet armyworm and tobacco caterpillar, but preferred the cotton bollworm larvae. C. chlorideae could parasitized 1st-3rd instar larvae of the tobacco caterpillar, but seldom parasitzed 4th-6th instar larvae. Moreover, C. chlorideae preferred second instar larvae. Theoretical models for developmental speed, adult longevity and the influence of temperature were proposed. The overwintering of C. chlorideae Uchida was also discussed. Moreover, methods for utilization of C. chlorideae Uchida in crop protection were presented and the bionomics of Campoletis chlorideae in both the Yangtze River Valley and Yellow River Valley were compared.

SEQUENCE ANALYSIS OF A NOVEL INSECT PHOSPHOGLYCERATEMUTASE GENE FROM THE CHINESE HONEYBEE, APIS CERANA

A clone inserted with 1 104 bp fragment containing a 765bp Open Reading Frame(ORF), encoding a putative 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate(2,3BPG) dependent Phosphoglycerate mutase(dPGAM) that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from the C3 carbon atom to the C2 carbon atom of phosphoglycerate, was screened by mass sequencing from the cDNA library of the venom glands of Apis cerana. The deduced amino acid sequence shared high similarities (39%-88%)with the dPGAM of 7 other organisms, but the similarities with the iPGAM of 4 other organisms were low (10%-12%). Moreover, the alignment of Ac-PGAM with the dPGAMs from 7 other organisms showed that all the active site amino acid residues were conserved. This result shows that Ac-PGAM is a typical dPGAM. Thus, this is the second PGAM gene reported in Insecta. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis showed that the evolutionary tree of PGAMs reflects the systematic relationship of species.

LETHAL AND SUBLETHAL EFFECTS OF ACETAMIPRID ON THE LARVAE OF CULEX PIPIENS PALLENS

Acetamiprid is a novel neonicotinoid insecticide invented by Nippon Soda Co., Ltd.. To explore the possibility of acetamiprid as larvicide of mosquitoes, lethal and sublethal effects of acetamiprid on the larvae of Culex pipiens pallens were studied by immersion method in the laboratory. The results indicated that the larvae of Culex pipiens pallens were sensitive to acetamiprid. The mortality of larvae peaked at 72 h after treatment. The 1st instar larvae was the most susceptible to acetamiprid, and the 4th instar larvae was the most tolerant to acetamiprid, the LC 50 values were 0.020 mg/L and 0.296 mg/L at 72 h after treatment, respectively. Sublethal concentrations of acetamiprid could delay the development of larvae and decrease the weight of pupa. We suggested that acetamiprid is a safe and effective substitute for the using larvicides of mosquitoes.

FOUR NEW SPECIES AND TWO NEW RECORD SPECIES OF THE GENUS BOTANOPHILA (DPITERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) FROM CHINA

The present paper deals with four new species and two new record species of genus of Botanophila Lioy, 1864 from Gansu and Shaanxi provinces, China; i.e. Botanophila angustisilva sp. nov., Botanophila chelonocerca sp. nov., Botanophila sanctiforceps sp. nov., Botanophila subobscura sp. nov. The two new record species are Botanophila guinlani (Ackland 1967), Botanophila rotundivalva (Ringdahl 1937). All the type specimens are deposited in the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

STUDY ON THE KARYOTYPES OF THREE SPECIES OF GENUS CARBULA(HETEROPTERA:PENTATOMIDAE)

The karyotypes and meiotic behaviors of three Carbula species( Carbula obtusangula Reuter, C.putoni (Jakovlev)and C. sinica Hsiao et Cheng)were studied.Karyotype analyses using specific software were made and model karyotype chart was presented.All three species have the typical diploid chromosome number of 14 for the family Pentatomidae and X Y sex chromosomal mechanism,but the behavior of autosomes and sex chromosomes during meiosis among three species are different,and one or two supernumerary chromosomes were detected in C.putoni. These characteristics may provide some useful clues on the study of pentatomid taxonomy and phylogeny.