Geostatistics Studies and Geochemical Modeling Based on Core Data,Sheytoor Iron Deposit,Iran

In general,the purpose of the mineralization modeling is the advancement of a mineral exploration project and ultimately,the extractive design of a deposit,which is one of the most important stages in mining engineering.Mineralization modeling is divided into two general categories,superficial and deep modeling.In surface modeling,the aim is finding abnormal locations in terms of mineralization at the study area,which is commonly used in the early stages of exploration as one of the means for locating exploratory boreholes.After drilling in the study area with the aim of identifying mineralization and reserve estimation it is necessary to obtain deep mineralization position and its geometric features,using statistical and modeling methods.Using mathematical,statistical and modeling methods,we can predict the position of iron mineralization in places where drilling is not done and eventually reach a three-dimensional model of the mineral materials underground.As a case study,the deep information about the boreholes of the sheytoor mining area in Yazd province of Iran was investigated.Iron mineralization was modeled as 2D cumulative model and 3D block model,and the results were presented.Finally the geochemical threshold and the anomalous limit of iron element are calculated by concentration-volume(C-V)fractal method in this deposit.Geochemical threshold and the anomalous limit for Fe in this deposit are 24.7%and 34.3%respectively.

Technical and Economic Aspects and Experience from 6 Years of Operating the Technology Using the Waste Heat from the Exhaust Gases of Heat Sources and 3 Years of Operating a Heating Plant in an Autonomous, Island Regime

This article is focused on technical and economic evaluation of more than 6-years experiences of operating the Waste Heat Recovery technology—the manner and system of flue gas processing generated in the combustion process in heat & power plants, cogeneration units, etc., which burn the gaseous fuel, primarily natural gas, or methane, biogas, geothermal gas, or other gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen. The solution proposes a more effective and non-traditional use of gaseous fuel for heating, the flue gases of which are processed in order to extract additional utilisable heat, with potential elimination of CO2 from them. Deploying of the heating plant in an island regime (OFF-GRID) enables definition of the benefits brought by the 3 years of operational experience and presents visions for the future offering the possibility to utilise the support energy services at the municipal as well as regional level.

Lateral Earth Pressure Coefficient and Lateral Earth Pressure against Retaining Walls

According the Coulomb earth pressure theory,it is obtained that,for normally consolidated soils,the lateral pressure coefficient of a soil at rest is equal to 1,and it is independent of the soil type,either granular or cohesive;or that the material is in a loose or compact state;hard or a soft cohesive soil.Also,a methodology to calculate the earth pressure for intermediate states between at rest condition and the active pressure is presented.In addition,a methodology to calculate the earth pressure for intermediate states between at rest condition and the passive pressure is presented.Two practical examples are presented:one for a frictionless wall;and another for a coarse wall.Practical recommendations are given for the use of the lateral earth pressure coefficient for different applications.

Impact of the landslide for a Relationship between Rainfall Condition and Land Cover in North Vietnam

This paper aims to evaluate the probability of landslide hazards using a physical model(TRIGRS:Transient Rainfall Infiltration and Grid-Based Region Slope-Stability)for a regional scale considering the variations of a triggering rainfall condition and land-cover under the climate change.There are certain uncertainties raising from the soil properties and soil depth determination,assumption of groundwater,as well as the same root cohesion for all tree cover in the forest-related region.However,the application of TRIGRS model in a regional scale would provide important references for the distribution of landslide prone area regarding scenarios about changes of weather condition and land cover situation.It thus would support local authorities in obtaining more adequate land planning strategies in a river basin to mitigate potential hazard from the slope failure issue.

Features of the Mineral Composition of the Quaternary Sediments of the Development Areas of the Erosion Processes on the Territory of the Tunkinsk’s Depression

The article considers the some features of the Quaternary sediments mineral composition of the development areas of the erosion processes on the territory of the Tunkinsk’s depression.Main objectives of our research are to determine the entering forms of Na,Mg,Al,Si,P,S,K,Ca,Ti,Cr,Mn,Fe,Zn,Cu,Zr,and Ba in the composition of the investigated sediments.The mineral composition was studied by the method of an electron probe X-ray spectral microanalysis(XRM)using wave spectrometers,and the method of X-ray diffraction analysis.The localization centers of Cr,Cu,Zn,Zr,and Ba were established in the mineral composition of the studied sediments.Maximum content of BaO(14.42 wt%)was detected in alkali K-feldspar in the clay sediments of modern alluvial complex(aQ4).Crystallochemical formulas of different minerals were obtained.

Generation of Synthetic Ground Motion

The main target of the study is to generate artificial earthquake time histories which are compatible with real earthquakes.A simple frequency-domain method for generating time histories from the given response spectrum is presented in this research.Weighted average response spectra are generated using three attenuation relationships developed for the subduction zonesuitable for Barpak M7.8 earthquake records at TU,Kirtipur.The ground motions are simulated with consideration of source,site,and path.The simulation work is started from noise generation work with windowing,Fast Fourier Transform(FFT)and spectra matching(target and generated)to obtain simulated time history using MATLAB programming language.Simulated ground motions can be utilized as input ground motions for the dynamic analysis and design of new structures as well as retrofitting of existing structures.

Characteristic Features of Lapis Lazuli from Different Provenances, Revised by μXRF, ESEM, PGAA and PIXE

The objective of this study is to find out, to what extent the geochemical characteristics of lapis lazuli can be utilized in respect to its provenance. A wide range of variables is taken into consideration depending on the quantity of samples analysed from a specific geological region and the methods applied. In order to provide evidence, a multi-technique analytical approach using μXRF, ESEM, PGAA and PIXE is applied to samples from the most famous deposits of lapis lazuli. Special elements determined as fingerprints are compared in relation to the forming conditions obvious in textural features. The results and statistical output allow a differentiation that enables an optimized local classification of the blue stone. An absolute requirement for all geo-tracing performed on blue colored cultural objects of unknown provenance is awareness of the limits of analysis. The possible sources of lapis lazuli are tested by analysing the blue pigment used as paint on murals and ink on manuscripts from the Silk Road.

Influence of the Source Square Size on the Accuracy of Numerical Simulation of Wave Propagation in Half Space

It is well known that the dynamic response of the structure to an earthquake excitation is affected by the interaction with the foundation and the soil.The expansion of informatics and development of the computer capacities has helped the scientists to develop numerical models for approximate solutions of big variety of problems related to SSI(Soil Structure Interaction).Many of those problems involve domain-coupling.In this paper we built numerical model,based on finite differences and we investigate the accuracy of the numerical model depending upon the size of the square domain around the source.We tested eight different square sizes and we analyzed their accuracy regarding to five different wave periods.The results give recommendations for the implementation of the domain-coupling algorithm.

Geothermal Energy Production Potential from Oil and Gas Fields in Western Ukraine

Western Ukraine as well as Crimea Peninsula is well known for their geothermal potential.The classic low enthalpy geothermal project is based on the construction of a binary power plant,and includes recycling of water through one or several doublets of wells;produced hot water is directed to a heat exchanger(vaporizer),in which a secondary(working)fluid with low boiling point and high vapor pressure vaporizes and rotates a turbine to produce electricity.The highest risk for the project is associated with drilling new wells,which may not hit the target or not have the required productivity.Western Ukraine is one of the oldest oil and gas production regions in Europe.The majority of the fields are on a late stage of the development that is characterized with high produced volumes of water that after separation is being reinjected back for pressure support.In this study,we evaluated the possibility of geothermal energy production,extracted from water that is produced together with oil and gas,based on numerical reservoir simulation models for a typical reservoir setting.

The IGN MEMS Accelerographs Record the First Accelerograms in Different Locations in the Lorca City

A recent earthquake (13 December 2018, Mag. 3.5) has allowed the recording 11 accelerograms from a network microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) low-cost accelerograph Silex. The National Geographic Institute of Spain (IGN) has built this kind of equipment and has installed in the Lorca City. The epicenter of the earthquake is only approximately 6 km from Lorca. This is important because an earthquake hit this city on 11th May, 2011. This earthquake caused nine deaths, more than 400 injured people and a loss estimated about $1 billion. We have also got records from two commercial accelerograhs GeoSig GMSPlus and GeoSig GSR-18 in two different stations in Lorca and we have been able to compare these signals with signals from Silex. We have studied carefully the records from places where peak accelerations are noticeably higher than in other locations. We have seen that the waveforms of these records have different features and we think that the effect sites are very important. Finally we have also compared the peak acceleration with macroseismic intensity obtained from questionnaries. We have checked there is no clear correlation between instrumental acceleration and macroseismic intensity at least for earthquake with small magnitudes.

Analysis on the Influence Factors of Directional Controlled Blasting Assisted by Water Jet

Directional expansion of blast-induced crack is always the common purpose for directional controlled blasting. As it has been demonstrated that slot which located at the side of blasthole can function as a guidance for blast energy, let the stress concentration at the direction of water jet slot. Therefore, it is meaningful to investigate the influence factors of directional controlled blasting with water jet assistance. In this paper, the influence on the guiding characteristics of the water jet slot during the propagation of blast-induced crack by the change of length-width of slot was simulated by ANSYS/LS-DYNA. The results indicate that if the distance from blasthole exceeds the limit, the influence on the guiding characteristics by the change length-width of the slot will get smaller and smaller, and when the width of water jet slot remains the same, the stress shows a monotonic increasing trend with the increase of the length of water jet slot, and the stress reaches its maximum value when the length-width of water jet slot is 0.075m×0.0070m. Moreover, based on stress wave theory and rock fracture theory, the influential mechanism for both the law of transmission of stress wave and of crack propagation by natural fracture and water jet slot were analyzed. The criteria for blast-induced crack propagation were established.