Energy Expenditure of Adolescents During Overground Walking and Running

This study aimed to determine the net energy expenditure(EENET)required for overground walking and running 1200 m in a sample of healthy adolescent boys and girls.A secondary purpose was to describe the effect of body composition on energy expenditure(EE)of walking versus running.Twenty healthy adolescents(9 boys,11 girls)aged 15.85±2.80 years performed 2 field tests in regular outdoor conditions:overground walking(1.64±0.17 m/s)and submaximal running(3.13±0.42 m/s),at a self-selected steady pace.EE was measured via indirect calorimetry.Paired sample t-tests were used to determine if there were differences between walking and running conditions and mean percentage differences were estimated for various physiological parameters.Differences in EENET between conditions were performed for both genders using a two(condition)by two(gender)analysis of variance repeated measures design,with fat free mass as a covariate.Speed increased by 90.43%between the 2 conditions,while the different components of EE increased by almost 20%.Running elicited a significantly greater EENET than walking for both genders;however,boys’and girls’EE did not differ significantly.When EENET was adjusted for fat free mass,there was a statistically significant condition×fat free mass effect.The findings in this study indicate that both adolescent boys and girls expend more energy during running than walking,without being affected by body composition.Body mass and fat free mass significantly correlated with EE only during running.In addition,the trained participants of the study optimized locomotion to minimize EE.

Inflammatory Biomarkers in Elite Cross-Country Skiers After a Competition Season:A Case-Control Study

Purpose Whether elite athletes,who have been exposed to vigorous-intensity exercise combined with other stressors,have elevated systemic low-grade inflammation,remains largely unclear.To address this question,we studied the levels of six inflammatory cytokines as potential biomarkers of a low-grade inflammatory state in elite athletes after an 11-month train-ing and competition season.Methods We collected sera from 27 Finnish elite cross-country skiers and 27 gender-and age-matched,moderately-exer-cising controls.The serum concentrations of C-reactive protein(CRP),interleukin 6(IL-6),tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α),glycoprotein acetyls(GlycA),interleukin 10(IL-10),and interferon gamma(IFN-γ)cytokines were quantified as surrogate markers of low-grade inflammation.Results The athletes were found to have significantly lower concentrations of CRP(P=0.0232)and higher concentrations of IL-10,TNF-α,and IFN-γ(P=0.0097,P=0.0256,and P=0.0185,respectively)than the controls.No significant differences between athletes and controls were detected in the concentrations of IL-6 and GlycA.The inflammatory score(IS)did not differ significantly between athletes and controls.Conclusion The results of this study argued against the hypothesis of a significant chronic low-grade inflammation in response to prolonged high-performance exercise among elite endurance athletes.

Differences in Judo Attack Systems Between Weight Categories

Purpose In judo,athletes compete based on weight categories,which are required to adapt the training process accordingly,but not enough research is present to understand their particularities.The present study aimed to verify the differences in judo attack systems performed between the seven male weight categories in world-class athletes.Methods A cohort of 5847 attack systems from 1106 international judo matches was analyzed.The Chi-square auto-matic interaction detector was used to identify the association between the variables tori approach(attacker),uke approach(defender),tori’s grip,stance and direction of attack.Results The main results showed that:(1)the grip is the main predictor of attack systems;(2)laterality exerts a strong influence on attack systems;(3)the≤81 kg and>100 kg categories were differentiated by the use of unconventional grips;(4)the≤60 kg used more kenka-yotsu(opposite sides)right stance with the Only Right Hand grip;(5)the≤81 kg category used more the ai-yotsu(same side)left stance with the Only Left Hand grip.Conclusion The results reported from this study can help coaches and athletes in choosing the best technical-tactical actions when developing combat strategies.

Heart Rate Variability from Underwater Spiroergometry:How Meaningful?

Cardiovascular fitness of divers is overwhelmingly performed using bicycle ergometry.A more sport-specific alternative presents fit2dive,an underwater spiroergometry system.Purpose of this exploratory study:using fit2dive to investigate the diagnostic value of measures of heart rate variability(HRV)after markedly increasing physical load.Ten scuba divers employed the fit2dive system and increased fin-swimming speed until exhaustion.Breathing gas consumption(VE)and heart rate(HR)were measured.A three-lead ECG was recorded to analyze for time and frequency domain HRV-measures.VE increased from 16.5±6.5 to 68.3±26.6 L/min.HR increased from 96±13 beats/min(mean±SD)at rest to 170±14 beats/min before exhaustion.Global variability(SDNN:132±42 vs.54±17 ms)decreased along with two measures of parasympathetic activity(RMSSD:59±31 vs.24±16 ms;pNN50:22%±12%vs.3%±3%).Measures from the frequency domain decreased[low frequency(LF):3167±2651 vs.778±705 ms_(2)]or remained unaltered[high frequency(HF):885±652 vs.431±463 ms^(2)].Thus,LF/HF decreased from 4.3±2.3 to 2.5±1.4.The sports-specific fit2dive can help assessing diving fitness by employing HRV measures.However,this study supports the view that these measures much depend on HR.Thus,HRV measures regarding altered autonomic control during exercise will lead to serious misinterpretation:as HR increases,variability decreases.

Defining Velocity and Acceleration Ranges for Time-Motion Analysis from a 7-Sided Game in U11 Soccer Players Using Global Positioning System Devices:A Case Study

The aims of this study were(1)to define speed and acceleration thresholds from youth match activity of soccer players and(2)to analyze the activity performed by young soccer players during a match using GPS devices and according to these thresholds.Ten U11 soccer players from a professional club participated in a 7-sided match being equipped with global positioning system(GPS)devices(sampling frequency 5 Hz)to measure the speed of each player.The Kernel Density Esti-mate(KDE)was used to observe the occurrences of velocities.The range of velocities was described by a distribution curve,from which the speed and acceleration thresholds for each category of movement were defined and time–motion analysis of the match was made.The model with 4 Gaussian laws was the best when using the Akaike Information Criterion(AIC).In this study,the thresholds defined for each category of movement were:standing(<0.1 km/h),walking(0.1–5.6 km/h),slow running(5.7–7.7 km/h),fast running(7.8–12.7 km/h)and sprint(≥12.8 km/h).Acceleration thresholds were calculated to define movement considered as a sprint for each category of movement:standing(0.3 m/s^(2)),walking(0.66 m/s^(2)),slow running(1.01 m/s^(2))or fast running(0.97 m/s^(2)).All the acceleration thresholds were significantly different from each other(P<0.001)with large effect sizes,excepting the comparison between slow and fast running(P=0.41)with a small effect size.In U-11 soccer players,time–motion analysis may be performed according to five categories of movement.This study has also defined sprint and acceleration thresholds for this category of age.

Repeatability and Variability of the 3-Min All-Out Test at the Subject Level

Purpose The constant work-rate to exhaustion tests must be repeated several times at each work-rate to estimate subject-level trial-to-trial variance(intra-individual variability,IIV)of critical power(CP)and work capacity(W').Alternatively,these parameters and their variance can be estimated by repeating the 3-min all-out test(3MT)fewer times.The purpose of this study was to propose a method to determine subject-level repeatability of the 3MT and demonstrate the need to repeat the test multiple times to estimate IIV.Methods Seven cyclists performed a ramp test and four 3MTs on a CompuTrainer.The parameters CP,W',peak power(Pp),and total work(TW)were compared across trials using repeated measures ANOVA,Bland-Altman analysis,Intraclass Cor-relation Coefficients(ICC),Typical Error(TE)of measurement,and Coefficient of Variation(CV).Results For the group,average CP and W'were 284±58 W and 10.214±3.143 kJ.The reliability statistics,CP(ICC=0.97,TE=8 W,CV=2.94%)and W'(ICC=0.88,TE=1.11 kJ,CV=10.87%),indicated strong agreement.Subject-level repeatability was determined by comparing time-to-peak power(TPp),absolute difference in Pp(δPp),and TW(δTW)for pairs of 3MTs.The average IIVs estimated by the 95%confidence intervals were±15 W for CP and±1.68 kJ for W'.Conclusions Thresholds are proposed for TPp(7 s),δPp(10%),andδTW(3%)to determine subject-level repeatability of the 3MT before computing the IIV of CP and W'.It is suggested that the 3MT is repeated at least three times to estimate the IIV,which aids in personalized measurement of training improvements and performance optimization。

Physical Characteristics Explain Ball-Carrying Capability in Sub-Elite Rugby Union Players

Purpose The aims of the present study were two-fold:(i)to investigate the relationship between physical characteristics and the game statistics associated with ball-carrying capability amongst sub-elite rugby union players,and(ii)to predict the level of change in these physical characteristics required to improve the associated game statistic via regression analysis.Methods Thirty-eight senior professional players(forwards,n=22;backs,n=16)were assessed for body mass(BM),back squat(BS)single-repetition maximum(1RM)normalised to BM(1RM/BM),10 m sprint velocity(S10),10 m sprint momentum(SM10),and the game statistics from 22 games within the 2019/20 RFU Championship season.The relationship between these measures and the predicted level of change in a physical measure required to improve the total number of the associated game statistic by one were assessed by Pearson’s correlation coefficient and simple regression analyses.Results In forwards,an~11.5%reduction in BM,an~11.8%improvement in BS 1RM/BM,or an~11.5%increase in S10 was required to improve the game statistics associated with ball-carrying capability.In backs,a~19.3%increase in BM or a~15.6%improvement in SM10 was required.Conclusions These findings demonstrate that improvements in lower-body relative strength,acceleration performance,and position-specific alterations in body mass are required to maximise the ball-carrying capability and therefore match outcome of sub-elite rugby union players.

Individual Responses to Creatine Supplementation on Muscular Power is Modulated by Gene Polymorphisms in Military Recruits

Purpose The aim was to explore five established SNPs(rs1815739,rs1805086,rs2700352,rs28497577,and rs28357094)that are known to modulate skeletal muscle protein kinetics in response to creatine supplementation.Methods A randomized,placebo-controlled,repeated measures design was used.Participants(n=152)were rand-omized divided into one of two groups:CREA(20 g/day creatine monohydrate)or PLAC:(dextrose)for 7 days.SNP were assessed,and participants were classified accordingly.Before and after supplementation,anthropometrics(height and body mass)and performance measures(vertical jump,countermovement vertical jump,squat jump,abdominal crunches,and maximum push-ups)were assessed.Results CREA gained more body mass than PLAC(CREA:Δ0.864±0.06 kg;PLAC:Δ0.154±0.07 kg,P<0.001).In the CREA group,the presence of an A allele for the MYLK1 polymorphism was related to changes in countermovement jump height(P=0.027;effect size[d]=0.41)and leg power(P=0.040,effect size[d]=0.18).The total number of abdominal crunches after supplementation was influenced by treatments and SPP1 gene(P=0.041).A higher number of abdominal crunches was associated with the G allele in the CREA group and the TT genotype in the PLAC group(effect size[d]=0.04).Conclusion Collectively,short-term creatine supplementation increased body mass but was unable to alter muscle perfor-mance.However,following creatine supplementation,participants expressing A alleles in the MYLK1 polymorphism had a greater increase in jump height and leg power and participants expressing G alleles in the SPP1 gene had greater improve-ments in abdominal crunch performance.

Anthropometric and Physical Performance Profiles of High School Age American Football Players: 11th and 12th Grade Japanese Athletes

Purpose To compare anthropometric and physical performance profiles of Japanese 11th and 12th grade American football players within each positional group.Methods Fifty-two 11th and 12th grade American football players from two Japanese high schools participated in the study during the summer pre-season period.They performed anthropometric(height and body mass)and physical(vertical jump,broad jump,40-yard dash,pro-agility shuttle 4-kg medicine ball chest throw,front throw,and back throw)testing.Vertical jump momentum and 10-yard sprint momentum were also calculated by multiplying the velocity and body mass.Athletes were divided into two groups by playing positions:skill players and linemen.Results Skill players in the 12th grade were better at medicine ball chest throw(d=0.73,P=0.04)and vertical jump momen-tum(d=0.75,P=0.03)than those in the 11th grade.However,there were no differences in any measurements(P>0.05)between linemen from the two grades.Conclusion The current study suggests that upper and lower body absolute power and momentum production can be improved for skill players even over 17 years old.On the other hand,body size and speed,attributes that did not change between 11th and 12th grades,seem to be essential talent identification criteria in the current environment.Further study is needed to monitor longitudinal performance improvements in implementing talent development programs by focusing on the quality of speed,agility and power development at the youth level.

Mind the “Gap”: A Comparison of the Weekly Training Loads of English Premier League Academy Soccer Players in Under 23, Under 18 and Under 16 Age-Groups

Purpose The transition into full-time training represents a key period in the development of young soccer players.Here we compared the weekly training loads(matches,field-,and resistance-training)of English Premier-League Academy soccer players from under-16(U16),under-18(U18)and under-23(U23)age-groups during a training meso-cycle.Methods Forty players(U16 n=13,U18 n=15 and U23 n=12)were monitored using global navigation satellite systems and differential ratings of perceived exertion(dRPE).External load metrics were total distance,high-speed running distance,[absolute:≥19.8 km/h,relative:≥87%of 30-15 final-velocity(vIFT)],sprint distance(absolute:≥25.2 km/h,relative:≥80%maximal sprint speed),and dynamic stress load.Internal load metrics were dRPE training loads.Results Other than relative sprint distance,overall weekly external training loads were substantially greater for U18s and U23s when compared with U16s[effect size range:1.09-1.99(moderate to large);±90%confidence limits~0.45].When compared with U16s,overall internal loads were substantially greater for U18s[0.69-0.95(moderate);±~0.40],but not U23s.Differences in weekly training loads between U18s and U23s were inconclusive.Conclusions Substantial differences in training loads between elite U16 players and their older counterparts,indicates the need for planned increases in training loads in anticipation of the transition into full-time training.

The Effect of 4 Weeks of Strength Training and Beta-Alanine Supplementation on Anaerobic Power and Carnosine Level in Boxer Players

Purpose The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of 4 weeks of strength training with beta-alanine supple-mentation on anaerobic power and carnosine level in boxer players.Methods Eighteen male boxer players participated in this study,randomly divided into two homogeneous groups(strength training+beta-alanine and strength training+placebo groups).The study design was double-blind,parallel,and placebo-controlled.An anaerobic Wingate test was performed by athletes before and after the intervention period(4 weeks).Par-ticipants received 0.3 g/kg of body mass of the supplement(maltodextrin or beta-alanine)per day during the intervention.Participants were also evaluated for anaerobic power,serum level of carnosine,and blood lactate before and after 4 weeks.Results Average power in both groups was significantly increased compared with pre-intervention,but fatigue index was significantly decreased only after beta-alanine supplementation;however,there were no significant differences with either average power or fatigue index between the beta-alanine and placebo groups.There was no significant difference in the interaction between the groups and time,as well as no significant difference between groups for lactic acid.Carnosine level in both groups was significantly increased compared with pre-intervention.When changes in serum carnosine for the two groups were examined,statistical analysis showed a significant difference between the beta-alanine and placebo groups.Conclusion Four weeks of strength training accompanied by beta-alanine supplementation had a likely beneficial effect on boxer players'anaerobic performance and carnosine level.

Myokine Response to Blood-Flow Restricted Resistance Exercise in Younger and Older Males in an Untrained and Resistance-Trained State:A Pilot Study

Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the response of myokines to blood-flow restricted resistance-exercise(BFR-RE)in younger and older males before and after completing a 12-week resistance-training program.Methods There were 8 younger(24.8±3.9 yrs)and 7 older(68.3±5.0 yrs)untrained male participants completed this study.Anthropometric and maximal strength(1RM)measurements were collected before and after a 12-week,supervised,progres-sive full-body resistance-training program.As well,an acute bout of full-body BFR-RE was performed with venipuncture blood samples collected before and immediately following the BFR-RE,followed by sampling at 3,6,24 and 48 h.Results The 12-week training program stimulated a 32.2%increase in average strength and 30%increase in strength per kg of fat free mass.The response of particular myokines to the acute bout of BFR-RE was influenced training status(IL-4,untrained=78.1±133.2 pg/mL vs.trained=59.8±121.6 pg/mL,P=0.019;IL-7,untrained=3.46±1.8 pg/mL vs.trained=2.66±1.3 pg/mL,P=0.047)or both training and age(irisin,P=0.04;leukemia inhibitory factor,P<0.001).As well,changes in strength per kg of fat free mass were correlated with area under the curve for IL-4(r=0.537;P=0.039),IL-6(r=0.525;P=0.044)and LIF(r=−0.548;P=0.035)in the untrained condition.Conclusion This study identified that both age and training status influence the myokine response to an acute bout of BFR-RE with the release of IL-4,IL-6 and LIF in the untrained state being associated with changes in strength per kg of fat free mass.

The Impact of Sleep-Wake Behaviour on Tennis Match Performance in Junior State Grade Tennis Players

Purpose To date,no study has investigated the extent to which sleep-wake behaviour(SWB)influences match performance in junior tennis players.This study aimed to assess the influence of SWB for the week and night before on match performance,particularly match analytics and activity.Methods This study recruited 10 junior state grade tennis players who wore an actigraphy device and completed a sleep diary for the week before their match on two separate occasions throughout their competition season.Players wore a global positioning system device to track their movement during matches,and an experienced tennis coach recorded players'match analytics.Results This study showed that the sleep fragmentation index was significantly lower the week before matches in females who had won than those who had lost.Additionally,the sleep fragmentation index was significantly lower the night before a given match than the week before.Only sleep fragmentation index and sleep latency significantly influenced match performance in junior tennis players.The percentage of second serves points won differed between match wins and losses for male players,while winners and forced errors differed for female players.Conclusion These findings provide a detailed profile of tennis match play in junior state grade players.Despite individual differences,reduced restlessness the night before a match coincides with increased match performance.

Comparison of Cardiovascular Parameters and Internal Training Load of Different 1-h Training Sessions in Non-elite CrossFit^(®)Athletes

Purpose The fact that CrossFit^(®)is the best-known and rapidly growing concept for high-intensity interval training(HIIT)and high-intensity functional training(HIFT)results in a continuous increase of athletes performing CrossFit^(®).In the more than 15,000 CrossFit^(®)Affiliates worldwide,the training concept is usually offered in 1-h training sessions containing the CrossFit^(®)-related workout of the day(WOD),as well as a general warm-up,movement demonstrations,and skill training.Here,we report how physiological parameters measured by heart rate(HR)values vary during four different 1-h CrossFit^(®)training sessions of non-elite athletes(n=27)in a local affiliated training center and what influencing factors may exist.Methods The duration of the 1-h training sessions were divided into a warm-up part(WU-part),a skill development part combined with strength exercises(A-part),followed by the WOD part(B-part).Results Analysis of HR values shows high training intensity(≥91%HR_(max))not throughout the duration of each training session,only during B-part.The mean HR values in B-part differ significantly compared to the remaining training parts(P<0.001)for all four training sessions.Comparison of different CrossFit^(®)experience levels revealed no significant differ-ence in acute physiological demands and training load between beginner and experienced CrossFit^(®)athletes.Conclusion Our results may suggest that practicing CrossFit^(®)in 1-h training sessions combined anaerobic and aerobic exercise intensities,with the training concept allows beginners and experienced athletes to be trained with the same cardio-vascular responses and training intensities.

The Impact of Tournament Load on Neuromuscular Function, Perceived Wellness and Coach Ratings of Performance During Intensified Youth Netball Competition

Purpose This study examined the effects of tournament load on neuromuscular function,perceived wellness and coach rat-ings of performance across two 6-day netball tournaments.Methods Thirty-nine female youth netballers(age=14.6±0.5 years,stature=165.9±4.7 cm,body mass=56.5±7.2 kg)were categorised as HIGH(10-11 matches,n=20)or LOW(6 matches,n=19)tournament load.Match load,jump height,perceived wellness and coach ratings of performance were monitored daily.Results HIGH tournament load resulted in greater reductions in jump height on match-day 4(-8.3%,±5.6%)when compared to LOW.HIGH tournament load resulted in greater reductions in perceived soreness(-0.9,±1.1 AU)and overall wellness(-2.6,±2.3 AU)on match-day 3,and a greater reduction in perceived sleep(-0.9,±1.1 AU)on match-day 4.HIGH tournament load was negatively associated with sleep quality and coach ratings of performance(effect size correlation=-0.34 to-0.47)when compared to LOW.Conclusion Our results indicate that a higher tournament load resulted in greater increases in neuromuscular fatigue,reduced perceived wellness,and lower ratings of performance.Practitioners should consider pre-tournament preparation and monitoring strategies to minimise the physiological disturbances during an intensified tournament.

Effects of Acute Exercise on Verbal, Mathematical, and Spatial Insight Creativity

This experiment was designed to accommodate the diversified verbal,mathematical,and spatial skills of young adults,which have not yet to be collectively evaluated in research projects focused on acute exercise and creativity among college students.While emerging research suggests that acute moderate-intensity exercise may influence human creativity,creativity during and after exercise has not been experimentally investigated.Such differences are plausible,as previous work demonstrates that memory can be differentially influenced based on whether the memory task occurs during or after exercise.Therefore,the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of acute moderate‐intensity treadmill walking,for 15 min,on verbal,mathematical,and spatial insight creativity performance while considering the timing of the exercise and creativity tasks.Among a sample of 20 undergraduate students,all completed three randomized laboratory visits in this within-subjects design:control condition,insight problem-solving following exercise,and insight problem-solving during exercise.They also completed six insight creativity tasks(two verbal,two mathematical,and two spatial tasks)per visit,with the order of task-presentation randomized and counterbalanced across the three visits.Average insight creativity scores were similar across the three exercise manipulations:That is,verbal insight[F(2,18)=0.689,P=0.51],mathematical insight[F(2,18)=0.033,P=0.97],and spatial insight[F(2,18)=1.0,P=0.38]performance were not statistically significant across the three visits.Thus,moderate-intensity acute exercise may not appreciably influence verbal,mathematical or spatial insight creativity.

A Systematic Review of the Genetic Predisposition to Injury in Football

Purpose Synthesise genetic association studies investigating injury involving football players to identify which genetic variants have the most empirical evidence to date.Methods A comprehensive search of the PubMed,SPORTDiscus,and MEDLINE databases until March 11th 2022 identi-fied 34 studies.Inclusion criteria:primary investigations,included football players,examined the association of a genetic variant with injury,and were published in English.Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale.A narrative synthesis summarised results.Results There were 33 candidate gene studies and one genome-wide study,with 9642 participants across all studies(range=43–1311;median=227).Ninety-nine polymorphisms were assessed within 63 genes.Forty-one polymorphisms were associated with injury once.Three polymorphisms had their specific allelic associations with injury replicated twice in independent cohorts:ACTN3(rs1815739)XX genotype was associated with an increased susceptibility to non-contact muscle injuries,ACAN(rs1516797)G allele was associated with increased susceptibility to anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)injuries,and VEGFA(rs2010963)CC genotype was associated with an increased susceptibility to ACL and ligament or tendon injuries.However,several methodological issues(e.g.,small sample sizes,cohort heterogeneity,and population stratification)are prevalent that limit the reliability and external validity of findings.Conclusion At present,the evidence base supporting the integration of genetic information as a prognostic or diagnosis tool for injury risk in football is weak.Future participation of organisations in international consortia is suggested to combat the current methodological issues and subsequently improve clarity concerning the underlying genetic contribution to injury susceptibility.

Myocardial Oxygenation Response to Stress Performing a Single-set Compared to Volume-Matched Multiple-Set of Leg Press in Untrained Young Adults

Background Debates exist about the preference for single-or multiple-set resistance exercise(RE)on achieving similar training outcome,however,no study examined their effects on the heart,thus,this study was to examine the effect of volume-matched single-and multiple-set RE on the myocardial response through examining rate pressure product(RPP).Methods Fourteen healthy untrained college students performed two leg press exercises(4×10 and 1×40 at 150%body mass)on different days,and each was performed twice in a counterbalanced crossover order.Pre-and post-exercise SBP and HR were measured by auscultatory method,RPP was calculated as SBP×HR×10^(-3),RPP difference(RPPdiff)was calcu-lated by post-exercise RPP subtracting pre-exercise RPP.Results Single-set post-exercise RPP(17.48±3.16 mmHg·beats/min),HR(123.86±20.25 beats/min)was significantly greater than multiple-set post-exercise RPP(13.66±3.04 mmHg·beats/min),HR(101.61±19.14 beats/min),respec-tively.There was no significant difference of SBP(141.07±9.37 vs.134.29±15.16 mmHg)between exercise protocols(P=0.13).The RPPdiff of single-set(6.74±2.86 mmHg·beats/min)was significantly greater than that of multiple-set(3.62±2.90 mmHg·beats/min)(P<0.001).Conclusions Single-set RE exerts a greater myocardial oxygenation response as compared to multiple-set,HR contributed more than SBP to the increase of RPP in RE.The results indicate that single-set RE can be warranted when wanting to train the heart,while multiple-set RE would appear best for those who should avoid heart stress.

Effects of a 12-Week Recreational Soccer Program on Resting Metabolic Rate Among Adolescents with Obesity

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the chronic effects of a 12-week recreational soccer program(RSP)on resting metabolic rate(RMR)in adolescents with obesity.Methods Eighteen adolescents with obesity were assigned to RSP[n=10,age=13.8±1.5 years,body mass index(BMI)=30.7±5 kg/m^(2)]and control(n=8,age=14.9±1.4 years,BMI=32.5±4.1 kg/m^(2))groups.Participants underwent anthropometric,body composition,cardiorespiratory fitness and RMR assessments at baseline and post-intervention.The 12-week RSP consisted of small-sided games with 60-min performed 3 times per week.Results Post-intervention,between-group differences due to RSP emerged for body mass(Δ:−15.1 kg,P=0.043),BMI(Δ:−4.7 kg,P=0.05),waist and hip circumferences(Δ:−14.6 and−16.6 cm,P=0.015 and P=0.017,respectively),fat mass(Δ:−8.7 kg,P=0.049)and VO2max(Δ:5.5 mL/kg/min,P=0.013).No significant differences were detected for the absolute and adjusted RMR for fat mass and fat-free mass at baseline and after 12 weeks for both RSP and control groups,although a marked downward trend of 27.6%for adjusted RMR was observed post-control(1915 vs.1386 kcal/day;Δ:−529 kcal/day).Conclusion A 12-week RSP was effective for improving anthropometric,body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness health markers in adolescents with obesity,but not for RMR.

General Neural Process in Cycling Exercise

Performance in cycling is frequently related to metabolic or biomechanical factors.Overall,the contribution of the neu-rophysiological system during cycling is often poorly considered in performance optimization.Yet,cycling is a complex whole-body physical exercise that necessitates specific coordination and fine control of motor output to manage the dif-ferent intensities.The ability to produce different levels of intensity of exercise would require optimizing many functions of the central nervous system from the brain’s treatment of sensory signals to complex motor command execution via the corticospinal pathway.This review proposes an integrative approach to the factors that could influence cycling performance,based on neurophysiological and cognitive markers.First,we report data relying on brain activity signals,to account for the different brain areas and cognitive functions involved.Then,because the motor command is highly dependent upon its regulation along the corticospinal pathway,we expose the modulation of corticospinal and spinal excitabilities during cycling.We present these later by reviewing the literature of studies using transcranial magnetic or percutaneous nerve stimulations.Finally,we describe a model of neural and cognitive adjustments that occur with acute and chronic cycling practices,with several areas of improvement focusing on these factors,including mental and cognitive training.