The role of microglia in depression

According to studies,neuroinflammation is increasingly being linked to the development of major depressive disorder(MDD).In response to inflammatory stimuli,brain microglia,which are immune cells,can change into reactive states.Because of this,microglia play an essentiall role in the early stages of neuroinflammation.Experiments have shown that microglia are able to detect infected or damaged cells,which then activates a cytotoxic response that further exacerbates the harm to brain cells.It has been proven that microglia are quite good at recognizing infections and damaged cells.Microglia,on the other hand,have been found to respond in a number of ways to injury and may even help regenerate damaged tissues.Chronic activation of microglia has been observed in persons with MDD.Deficits in neuroplasticity have been linked to depression,and recent studies show that this may be related to changes in microglia shape and function brought on by either excessive inflammatory activity or the natural aging process.Changing the phenotype of microglia by regulation of inflammatory pathways may be necessary for harnessing neuroinflammation in MDD.Recent research has linked several microglial phenotypes to individual metabolic pathways,showing that energy metabolism plays a pivotal role in coordinating microglial activity.In this study,we investigate whether or not traditional pro-inflammatory,anti-inflammatory,and metabolic pathways in microglia can be used as novel therapeutic routes for regulating neuroinflammation in brain diseases.The focus of this essay is on MDD,although we will also discuss related mental health issues.

Research progress of traditional Chinese medicine compound in the treatment of gout based on intestinal flora

Because of the continuous improvement of the quality of life,the population of gout patients is also increasing,which seriously affects the quality of life of patients.Traditional Chinese medicine compound has a long history and remarkable clinical effect in treating gout patients,and has been widely used.Intestinal flora and its metabolites are the focus of current research,which can promote intestinal mucosal barrier,improve immunity and improve metabolism.The regulation of intestinal flora can reduce serum uric acid and inhibit inflammation to fight gouty arthritis.Moreover,the mechanism of intestinal flora is related to the spleen in Chinese medicine theory.Therefore,this study discusses the research mechanism and clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine compound in treating gout by regulating intestinal flora,and provides theoretical basis for the clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine and the expansion of new dosage forms.

Research progress of traditional Chinese medicine in regulating tumor microenvironment

The tumor microenvironment(TME)plays a crucial role in facilitating tumorigenesis and progression.Consequently,there is significant research interest within the oncology community in developing interventions that target the TME.Extensive research has been conducted on the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)in tumor therapy,revealing notable similarities between its theoretical framework and that of the TME.TCM has the ability to regulate various components of the microenvironment,including the modulation of proportions of T cell subsets,enhancement of the quantity and activity of NK cells,regulation of polarization of tumor-associated macrophages,suppression of expression of myeloid-derived suppressor cells,reduction of accumulation of tumor-associated endothelial cells,downregulation of the quantity and function of tumor-associated fibroblasts,and modulation of the architecture of the extracellular matrix.These multifaceted interventions ultimately lead to the attainment of anti-tumor objectives.This comprehensive review encompasses a thorough analysis of relevant literature from both domestic and international sources,with a specific emphasis on elucidating the mechanisms through which TCM compound formulas,single drugs,and monomeric components regulate the TME.

The efficacy and mechanism of fecal microflora transplantation in the treatment of slow transit constipation based on metabonomics anion mode

Background:Fecal microbiota transplantation(FMT)based on the positive ion mode of metabonomics has a good therapeutic benefit for slow transit constipation(STC)patients.However,a piece of comprehensive metabolomics information is yet to be established.The aim of the study was to explore the efficacy and mechanism of FMT in the treatment of STC under metabonomics.Methods:Eight STC patients meeting the set inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled and treated with FMT(three times).The Patient Assessment of Constipation-Symptoms(PAC-SYM),weekly total defecation times,and defecation frequency scores of these STC patients were compared before and after treatment.Feces and serum of STC patients before and after treatment were analyzed using 16SrDNA and metabolomics.Results:After FMT treatment,the PAC-SYM score of constipated patients decreased[(5.00±2.94)vs(5.20±2.87)],while the number of complete defecations per week increased[(2.00±1.79)vs(1.69±1.80)].The score of defecation frequency decreased[(0.83±1.03)vs(0.86±0.95)].The metabolites in the feces and serum of patients receiving FMT changed significantly(P<0.05).The results from 16SrDNA analysis showed that theαandβdiversity of the fecal microbiome changed significantly(P<0.05)after transplantation,and the contents of genera Lactobacillus,Bacillus,Succiniclasticum,Cellvibrio,and Escherichia increased in FMT treated patients.Conclusion:FMT may treat STC by increasing the beneficial intestinal flora and metabolites in the anion mode of metabolomics.

Plant microbiomes and their role in plant health

Microorganisms are integral inhabitants of plants,playing a crucial role in plant growth,development,and health.The composition and diversity of microorganisms in plants can be influenced by several factors,including environmental factors such as soil type,temperature,and water availability.The plant microbiome serves essential functions,including nutrient acquisition,disease resistance,and stress tolerance,achieved through complex interactions between microorganisms and plants.Understanding these interactions and the impact of environmental factors can provide valuable insights into developing sustainable agricultural practices.The use of plant microbiomes in agriculture has the potential to improve crop yield,reduce fertilizer and pesticide use,and enhance soil health and sustainability,but scaling up these technologies poses several challenges.The potential benefits of using plant microbiomes in agriculture are significant and could revolutionize the industry.However,scaling up these technologies presents several challenges that require further research and innovation.In conclusion,studying plant microbiomes has the potential to bring about positive impacts for farmers,consumers,and the environment.

Unlocking the pathobiome evolution clock (PEC) by devo-omics

The phylogeny and its tools generally applicable for different aims in bioscience.In recent years,phylogeny is broadly utilized in interpreting microbiome data.The microbiome occupies the body of plants,humans,and animals and play essential roles in functional patterns for organisms.The healthbiome(microbiome)can convert to pathobiome with present happens in hosts,environments,and climate changes.The best tools for showing and drawing in changes are phylogenetic analyses in various aspects.This pathobiome has expressed a position for considered organisms in which they when will disease or weak or die.Pathobiome and its effects influence total parts of the environment and hosts.Associated microbes in pathobiome probably or certainly exposure in divergent,convergent,and parallel.Pathobiome evolution clock(PEC)is a new perspective for predictions and investigation about pathobiome effects in organisms and environments.So,pathobiome is a frontier between life and death,or it is a transition stage from health-biome to death-biome.Additionally,we introduce Devo-omic as a new concept and term for the description of the microbiome from born to death(or microbiome changes from birth to death).PEC can be accurately evaluated under devo-omics investigations.

Advances in the biological function of interleukin 38 and its study in immune diseases

IL-38 is a newly discovered anti-inflammatory cytokine that belongs to the IL-1 family's IL-36 subfa+mily.Nonetheless,recent studies have shown that it can interact with multiple receptors to impede downstream signaling pathway activation,thereby restraining the differentiation and maturation of Th17 cells.While IL-38 enhances the immunosuppressive activity of Treg by inhibiting the transformation of CD4+T cells to Th17 cells,it can also exert its immune regulatory role by binding to the corresponding IL-38 receptor on the cell surface,which in turn inhibits classical signaling pathways such as NF-κB,P38,or JNK activation.IL-38 has been shown to alleviate disease progression in Rheumatoid Arthritis(RA),Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE),cardiovascular disease(CVD),and other diseases by reducing the production of inflammatory cytokines and limiting the inflammatory response that is dependent on T cell subsets.Moreover,an increasing body of evidence suggests that IL-38 is a promising therapeutic target for these diseases.This article primarily reviews the immunological function of IL-38 and its involvement in related diseases,providing insights and theoretical support for chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.

Microbiota and depression an update

The highest rates of morbidity and impairment related to gastrointestinal difficulties are associated with depression,which is associated with the highest rates of all mental disorders.It has been demonstrated that the composition of an individual's gut microbiome plays a significant part in determining that person's risk of developing depression.According to the hypothesis known as the gut-brain axis,there may be a connection between the intestinal microbial system and the brain.In recent years,it has been common practice to treat disorders by concentrating on the bacteria that are found in the digestive tract(for instance,by making use of probiotics)and incorporating the gut-brain axis mechanism.Our research revealed a remarkable association between the composition of the bacteria in the stomach and the incidence of depression.Alterations in the structure of the microbiota system in the gut could possibly have direct and special impacts on the rise in the prevalence of depression.This study investigated the mechanisms underlying the two-way communication in the gut-brain axis,including the current techniques of relieving symptoms and antidepressant medicines that are related to gut microbiota.An increase in the amount of research into the medical potential of probiotics has led to a rapid expansion of the field of probiotics over the past few decades.Numerous preclinical and clinical studies have established that the therapeutic effects of probiotics-mediated microbiota remodeling near the microbiota-gut-brain axis(MGBA)are present.These studies were conducted near one another.However,the potential effects of probiotics on numerous mental illnesses,which have been proved in vivo and in vitro research,have set the ground for the translation of preclinical models to humans,which is still in its infancy.

Progress in the effect of inflammatory microenvironment on osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis(OA)is the most common chronic joint degenerative disease in the population,involving progressive focal cartilage degeneration,bone hypertrophy(osteophyte formation and subchondral osteosclerosis),synovial joint inflammation,synovial sac thickening,and structural changes of periarticular ligaments and peripheral muscles[1],among which the degeneration of articular cartilage and joint inflammation are the main characteristics[2].

Exploring the mechanism of action and efficacy of Shi-Pi-San in the treatment of ascites in cirrhosis based on intestinal microbiota

Objective:To investigate the mechanism of action and efficacy of Shi-Pi-San(SPS)in the treatment of cirrhotic ascites based on intestinal flora and to provide new ideas for clinical research.Methods:We searched PubMed,CNKI,Wanfang and Wipu Chinese journal databases to collect randomized controlled trials of SPS in the treatment of cirrhotic ascites,extracted relevant data,and summarized them to analyze the relationship between intestinal flora and cirrhotic ascites.Results:The disorder of intestinal flora can lead to cirrhotic ascites,and the treatment of cirrhotic ascites with SPS has good efficacy,and SPS has positive effects in improving the status of intestinal flora,increasing the abundance of flora and inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria.Conclusion:SPS has good long-term efficacy in the treatment of cirrhotic ascites,but the side effects and dosage criteria have not been extensively studied in clinical practice.

Mechanisms of renal interstitial fibrosis: cross-talk between mitophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome

Renal interstitial fibrosis(RIF)is the main pathological basis leading to end-stage renal disease,and is closely related to the prognosis of patients with kidney disease.Increasing evidence as shown that mitophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome play important roles in the pathogenesis of RIF.Studies suggest that inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome by activating mitophagy can prevent and alleviate RIF.This review summarizes role played by cross-talk between mitophagy and NLRP3 inflammasome in promoting RIF,so as to offer new perspectives on more effective slow the progression of renal diseases and fibrosis prevention.

The potentially important role of intestinal brain(gut microbiota)in neuropsychiatrichealth

Introduction Intestinal microbiota,consisting of trillions of bacteria,has important implications for health from the very beginning of human life.Neonatal gut is colonized by microbes immediately after birth.Bifidobacterium is an example of host-microbe co-evolution(symbiosis between bacteria and human)being genetically adapted to utilize specific glycans of human milk.Some studies have found a link between reduced diversity of intestinal microbiota or its aberrant composition on the one hand and the development of asthma,inflammatory bowel diseases and various metabolic disorders on the other hand[1].

New horizon:microenvironment regulation in neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegenerative disease refers to a class of diseases that cause dysfunction of the nervous system due to the death of nerve cells.These diseases are caused by the gradual death of neurons,which has a serious impact on the lives of patients.

Soil microbiome analysis

Introduction Soil is one of the most essential natural resources for humans,providing the foundation for agriculture and sustaining ecosystems.Microorganisms play a vital role in the health and productivity of soil,making them crucial to the well-being of the planet[1,2].

Discussion on Maxing Ganshi Decoction in the Treatment of COVID-19 Based on Triple Energizer Transmission Theory

COVID-19 is caused by novel coronavirus(2019-nCoV),which has the characteristics of strong infectivity,rapid onset and rapid spread.It is popular in China and other parts of the world,and there are no special drugs at present.This disease belongs to the category of plague in traditional Chinese medicine.Combined with the theory of triple energizer transmission in Yang Lishan's"Identification of Warm Disease",the confirmed case in our hospital was analyzed,and it was found that pathogenic qi entered from nose and mouth,injected into middle energizer,and then distributed in upper and lower energizer.The pathogenic qi is mainly diffused in the middle and upper energizer.Modified Maxing Ganshi decoction has a good effect.

Centrosome and vascular microenvironmental homeostasis

The homeostasis of vascular microenvironment is essential to maintain the normal vascular structure and function,while its disorder leads to vascular dysfunction,and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.Centrosome is an important organelle existing in mammalian cells as well as the microtubule organizing center,playing an important role in maintaining vascular structure and homeostasis.This study reviewed the role of centrosome in the regulation of vascular microenvironmental homeostasis.Centrosomal proteins intricately regulate microtubule dynamics and stabilization,and diverse microtubule-relatived cellular activities,including the division,polarization and directional migration of vascular endothelial cells,smooth muscle cells and other types of cells.In addition,primary cilia formed by centrosome are essential in vascular microenvironment.Tumor endothelial cells usually acquire excess centrosomes,and excess centrosomes are regulated by several angiogenic factors.Therefore,uncovering the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying centrosome affecting vascular microenvironmental homeostasis are needed for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.

The role of intestinal flora in the immune system

The intestinal tract is the body's biggest digestive organ.Many microbes,including bifidobacteria,Lactobacillus,Escherichia coli,Enterococcus,Clostridium perfringens,and Pseudomonas,are always present in the intestinal tract.The digestive tract has evolved localized immunological features to defend the body from potential invaders.Its structure,function,and milieu are considerably distinct from common central and peripheral immune organs and account for these characteristics.The intestinal flora and its products provide a microenvironment in the gut that has a significant impact on the area's immune function.In turn,various disorders regulate and alter the kinds of gut microorganisms.The gut flora and immune system are constantly communicating with one another.Additionally,the intestinal microenvironment may be reconstructed with probiotics or microbiota transplantation.This assists in restoring immunological homeostasis and treating or preventing illness.This manuscript examines how the intestinal flora influences the development and spread of illnesses,which in turn impacts intestinal immunity.We also discuss how improved immune function influences the general and particular immune systems.As a method of disease prevention and treatment,we also discuss how modifying the microenvironment affects the proliferation,differentiation,and release of immune cells in the intestinal region.Finally,we discuss how human behaviors influence gut microorganisms.

An analysis of Liu Songjiang’s experience in treating lymphoma from the theory of Shaoyang based on experimental cases

Professor Liu Songjiang has been engaged in clinical research of tumors for more than 30 years.He is based on syndrome differentiation and treatment.He is good at combining traditional Chinese and western medicine to treat malignant tumors.This article combines the test cases to summarize the experience of Professor Liu Songjiang in treating lymphoma from Shaoyang.He hopes to broaden his thinking and improve the curative effect for clinicians.

Metagenomics and microbiome of infant:old and recent instincts

The human microbiota is made up of trillions of bacteria that live in the human being,whereas the microbiome is made up of the microbiota's genes and gene products.Bacteria have long been thought of as pathogens that eventually lead to human illness.Bacteria are increasingly recognized as generally beneficial commensal organisms and hence crucial to proper and healthy human development,thanks to breakthroughs in both cultivation-based approaches and the advent of metagenomics.This relatively new field of medical study has given more information on illnesses such as inflammatory bowel disease,obesity,metabolic and atopic disorders.However,there is a lot we don't know about the complexities of microbe-microbe and microbe-host interactions.Future work targeted at resolving crucial concerns about the early formation of the microbiome,in addition,what determines its dysbiosis,will most likely lead to long-term mitigation of health.In this article,review the research on prenatal and newborn microbiome modulations,the role of maternal and environmental variables on forming the newborn microbiome,and future issues and directions in the exciting new field of metagenomic medicine.

A new perspective of traditional Chinese and western medicine as a potential remedy to improve intestinal flora in the treatment of chronic kidney disease

Intestinal flora imbalance is closely related to the occurrence and development of various diseases,however,the relationship between intestinal flora and chronic kidney disease has also become a hot topic.Intestinal flora imbalance,intestinal pathogenic bacteria and toxins increase,causing renal damage,chronic kidney disease patients also have a decrease in intestinal beneficial bacteria,an increase in pathogenic bacteria,more and more experimental studies show that the treatment of chronic Kidney disease is closely related to maintaining the balance of intestinal flora.However,at this stage,it has not been widely used in clinical practice by improving the protection of intestinal flora imbalance and delaying the deterioration of renal function.Therefore,this paper mainly discusses the research on the improvement of intestinal flora imbalance in the treatment of chronic kidney disease by traditional Chinese and Western medicine,and provides a new perspective for the treatment of chronic kidney disease.