论薛季宣、陈傅良对理学性理的兼容

南宋孝宗隆兴、乾道间至光宗绍熙时,理学主流派的性理之学与永嘉事功之学同时昌盛,后者在发展过程中能够兼容前者的合理因素,具体表现在薛季宣"问阵而称俎豆"和陈傅良兼重"勇猛"与"详密"。他们对理学性理的兼容,其核心旨趣是传统儒家的"中道"思想,为叶适创建事功"治统"体系奠定了思维基础。

“世变方殷”中的“礼学经世”演变史——兼论曾国藩汉宋之学与经世学的融合

曾国藩的“礼学经世”,是历来研究中的一个重要主题。不过,迄今为止的研究往往将其归结于“军礼”,而没有认识到曾国藩有一个超越了军礼的更深理解。更重要的是,曾国藩的“礼学经世”思想,与他对于当时之世的认识有着密切关联。细致探讨曾国藩在书信和文章中对于“礼”的论述,或可重构他的“礼学经世”思想的演变过程,其中变化的关键就在于他对于“世变”的认识。曾国藩“礼学经世”说的最终含义,是要通过对于制礼之义和当代之“世”的结合,实现汉学与宋学融合,由此达到礼学经世的目的。

文言中“其”和“之”的用法

本文对文言虚词“其”、“之”字的词性。

Effects of Shape of Crowders on Dynamics of a Polymer Chain Closure

Using 3D Langevin dynamics simulations, we investigate the effects of the shape of crowders on the dynamics of a polymer chain closure. The chain closure in spherical crowders is dominated by the increased medium viscosity so that it gets slower with the increasing volume fraction of crowders. By contrast, the dynamics of chain closure becomes very complicated with increasing volume fraction of crowders in spherocylindrical crowders. Notably, the mean closure time is found to have a dramatic decrease at a range of volume fraction of crowders 0.36-0.44. We then elucidate that an isotropic to nematic transition of spherocylindrical crowders at this range of volume fraction of crowders is responsible for the unexpected dramatic decrease in the mean closure time.

Superselective Adsorption of Multivalent Polymer Chains to a Surface with Receptors

Multivalent polymer chains exhibit excellent prospect in biomedical applications by serving as therapeutic agents. Using three-dimensional （3D） Langevin dynamics simulations, we investigate adsorption behaviors of multivalent polymer chains to a surface with receptors. Multivalent polymer chains display superselective adsorption. Furthermore, the range of density of surface receptors at which a multivalent polymer chain displays a superselective behavior, narrows down for chains with higher density of ligands. Meanwhile, the optimal density of surface receptors where the highest superselectivity is achieved, decreases with increasing the density of ligands. Then, the conformational properties of bound multivalent chains are studied systematically. Interestingly, we find that the equilibrium radius of gyration Rg and its horizontal component have a maximum as a function of the density of surface receptors. The scaling exponents of Rg with the length of chain suggest that with increasing the density of surface receptors., the conformations of a bound multivalent polymer chain first fall in between those of a two-dimensional （2D） and a 3D chain, while it is slightly collapsed subsequently.

Anomalous and Normal Diffusion of Tracers in Crowded Environments： Effect of Size Disparity between Tracer and Crowders

The dynamics of tracers in crowded matrix is of interest in various areas of physics, such as the diffusion of proteins in living cells. By using two-dimensional （2D） Langevin dynamics simulations, we investigate the diffusive properties of a tracer of a diameter in crowded environments caused by randomly distributed crowders of a diameter. Results show that the emergence of subdiffusion of a tracer at intermediate time scales depends on the size ratio of the tracer to crowders a. If a falls between a lower critical size ratio and a upper one, the anomalous diffusion occurs purely due to the molecular crowding, tqlrther analysis indicates that the physical origin of subdiffusion is the ＂cage effect＂. Moreover, the subdiffusion exponent α decreases with the increasing medium viscosity and the degree of crowding, and gets a minimum αmin=0.75 at δ=1. At long time scales, normal diffusion of a tracer is recovered. For δ≤1, the relative mobility of tracers is independent of the degree of crowding. Meanwhile, it is sensitive to the degree of crowding for δ〉l. Our results are helpful in deepening the understanding of the diffusive properties of biomacromolecules that lie within crowded intracellular environments, such as proteins, DNA and ribosomes.

Understanding Molecular Dynamics with Stochastic Processes via Real or Virtual Dynamics

Molecular dynamics with the stochastic process provides a convenient way to compute structural and thermodynamic properties of chemical, biological, and materials systems. It is demonstrated that the virtual dynamics case that we proposed for the Langevin equation [J. Chem. Phys. 147, 184104 （2017）] in principle exists in other types of stochastic thermostats as well. The recommended ＂middle＂ scheme [J. Chem. Phys. 147, 034109 （2017）] of the Andersen thermostat is investigated as an example. As shown by both analytic and numerical results, while the real and virtual dynamics cases approach the same plateau of the characteristic correlation time in the high collision frequency limit, the accuracy and efficiency of sampling are relatively insensitive to the value of the collision frequency in a broad range. After we compare the behaviors of the Andersen thermostat to those of Langevin dynamics, a heuristic schematic representation thermostatting processes with molecular is proposed for understanding efficient stochastic dynamics.

Establishment of various biliary tract carcinoma cell lines and xenograft models for appropriate preclinical studies

We recently reported several driver genes of biliary tract carcinoma(BTC) that are known to play important roles in oncogenesis and disease progression. Although the need for developing novel therapeutic strategies is increasing, there are very few BTC cell lines and xenograft models currently available for conducting preclinical studies. Using a total of 88 surgical BTC specimens and 536 immunodeficient mice, 28 xenograft models and 13 new BTC cell lines, including subtypes, were established. Some of our cell lines were found to be resistant to gemcitabine, which is currently the first choice of treatment, thereby allowing highly practical preclinical studies to be conducted. Using the aforementioned cell lines and xenograft models and a clinical pathological database of patients undergoing BTC resection, we can establish a preclinical study system and appropriate parameters for drug efficacy studies to explore new biomarkers for practical applications in the future studies.

Dynamic of the Dielectric Nano-Particle in Optical Tweezer Using Counter-Propagating Pulsed Laser Beams

In this article, the dynamical process of the dielectric particle in the optical tweezer using the counter-propagating Gaussian pulses is investigated by the Langevin equation concerning the Brownian motion. The temporal stabilities of particle is simulated. The influence of the duration, repetition period and delay time between pulses on stability is discussed.

From Chemical Langevin Equations to Fokker-Planck Equation: Application of Hodge Decomposition and Klein-Kramers Equation

The stochastic systems without detailed balance are common in various chemical reaction systems, such as metabolic network systems. In studies of these systems, the concept of potential landscape is useful However, what are the su^cient and necessary conditions of the existence of the potential function is still an open problem. Use Hodge decomposition theorem in differential form theory, we focus on the general chemical Langevin equations, which reitect complex chemical reaction systems. We analysis the conditions for the existence of potential landscape of the systems. By mapping the stochastic differential equations to a Hamiltonian mechanical system, we obtain the Fokker-Planck equation of the chemical reaction systems. The obtained Fokker-Planck equation can be used in further studies of other steady properties of complex chemical reaction systems, such as their steady state entropies.

A Study on English Teaching for Postgraduates Under the Background of＂the Silk Road Culture＂

When visiting Kazakhstan,President Xi Jinping proposed the strategic project to build the＂ Silk Road economic zone＂ . Under this background,the study of postgraduate students＇ English teaching is very important.This paper analyzes the historical status of the Silk Road,the significance of culture teaching of Silk Road countries,presents the study of the main elements and its implementation approaches of the Silk Road culture teaching in postgraduate students＇ English class,with the purpose of making more educators to participate in the＂ Silk Road economic zone＂ construction.

杨万里“诚斋体"新解

逃避现实,内容琐屑,表现浅俗,是评价杨万里“诚斋体”的流行说法。但在南宋,杨万里却是诗坛盟主,盛享隆誉,其因不完全是“诚斋体”在艺术上的别出机杼,同时还在于它的深刻内涵。“诚斋体”的形成与朋党之争不无关系。党争使南宋士人凸现出“恒留余地以藏身”,“重抑其情而祈以自保”与竭尽“为己之学”的主体特征。“诚斋体”以自然为题材渊薮和灵感源泉,“修辞立诚”,形成了以生命为依归,以童心为理想,以“透脱”为特征的审美意境,典型地体现了“为己之学”,深刻地反映了时代心理。

Resources, Environment and Economic Patterns and Sustainable Development Modes of the Silk Road Economic Belt

The paper analyzes the distribution pattern of resources, ecological environment, society and economy, and holds that it is conducive to Silk Road countries to carry out Omni-directional and multi-level economic cooperation. Then the article puts forth main modes and paths of sustainable economic development for the Silk Road Economic Belt （SREB）： ecological civilization mode, regional economic integration mode, transportation economic belt mode and international tourism economic zone mode. Finally, the article summarizes the key scientific issues for the sustainable development in the SREB and puts forward several action projects which include establishing International Scientists League and Think Tanks, establishing international information sharing platform and scientific policy-making system of ecological environment and sustainable development of the SREB, starting international science cooperation and technology traineeship program of the SREB, founding the international cooperation committee in the SREB and founding transnational construction and win-win cooperation mechanism of coping with climate change and ecological environment.

Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the silkworm

The silkworm,Bombyx mori,played an important role in the old Silk Road that connected ancient Asia and Europe.However,to date,there have been few studies of the origins and domestication of this species using molecular methods.In this study,DNA sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear loci were used to infer the phylogeny and evolutionary history of the domesticated silkworm and its relatives.All of the phylogenetic analyses indicated a close relationship between the domesticated silkworm and the Chinese wild silkworm.Domestication was estimated to have occurred about 4100 years ago(ya),and the radiation of the different geographic strains of B.mori about 2000 ya.The Chinese wild silkworm and the Japanese wild silkworm split about 23600 ya.These estimates are in good agreement with the fossil evidence and historical records.In addition,we show that the domesticated silkworm experienced a population expansion around 1000 ya.The divergence times and the population dynamics of silkworms presented in this study will be useful for studies of lepidopteran phylogenetics,in the genetic analysis of domestic animals,and for understanding the spread of human civilizations.

Three Reversals in the Development of Metaphysics： Reflections on Heidegger＇s Theory of Metaphysics

So far, three reversals have occurred in the history of Western metaphysics. The first was the reversal from the ＂metaphysics of presence＂ represented by Platonism to the ＂metaphysics of subjectivity＂ represented by Descartes, Kant and Hegel. The second occurred within the framework of the metaphysics of subjectivity and marked the transformation from the ＂metaphysics of reason＂ represented by Descartes, Kant and Hegel to the ＂metaphysics of will＂ represented by Schopenhauer and Nietzsche. The third reversal was from the ＂metaphysics of being-there＂ of the earlier phase of Hcidegger＇s philosophy to his later ＂metaphysics of the world-fourfold.＂

Socialism with Chinese characteristics in a comparative vision

Socialism with Chinese characteristics is a product of the integration of the basic tenets of Marxism with Chinese realities and the primary stage of socialism in China, marked by reform and opening up. In this stage capital and market exist and play important roles and capitalism is utilized for the Chinese modernization drive under the leadership of the Communist Party. With changes in historical conditions, the ideal of scientific socialism raised by Marx and Engels is confronted with a lot of challenges. It is the historical mission of Chinese Marxists to take up the gauntlet in response to these challenges and solve the historical enigma of human development in contemporary society.

BED-CEIA估计HIV-1新近感染率的有效性及其影响因素的评价

在艾滋病流行病学研究中,衡量艾滋病流行趋势最常用的指标是HIV累积感染率和新近感染率.与累积感染率相比,新近感染率对艾滋病流行趋势预测、干预效果评价以及防制策略的制定等能提供更直接的信息.在获取新近感染率的方法中,除了经典的流行病学队列随访方法,目前普遍使用的血清学方法之一是IgG捕获BED酶联免疫法（BED-CEIA）.2001年,美国疾病预防控制中心（CDC）艾滋病免疫和诊断室评估了16种基于不同抗体和原理的HIV-1新近感染检测方法,发现新近感染者与既往感染者相比,各种抗体滴度均较低;其中gp41抗体滴度在新近感染者和既往感染者中的差别最大,两者的滴度区间几乎没有重叠,新近感染者的gp41抗体亲和力低于既往感染者,从而认为gp41抗体能够区分新近感染者和既往感染者,并且酶联免疫实验操作相对简单、效果也较理想,因此该室着手开发基于gp41抗体的HIV-1新近感染检测的酶联免疫方法[1].