《红楼梦》中的“家生子儿”

满族在入关后在贵族家庭中仍然使用奴隶 ,“家生子儿”就是其中的一种。但由于历史原因 ,“家生子儿”与其他奴隶地位和处境十分不同 ,享受着主人优厚待遇 ,在《红楼梦》中有许多人物和事都与“家生子儿”有关。因此 ,本文专门对“家生子儿”进行研究考证 ,便于了解满族的社会制度和风俗习惯。

“义男”与“家生子”

《汉语大词典》收有"义男"一词,注释是:"犹义子。"《型世言》中出现了9例"义男",却不能用此义项来解释。本文利用《型世言》的语料,参考其他文献,考释"义男"一词,并对"义男"与义近的"家生子"做了比较分析。

《儿女英雄传》中安家的家奴

由于历史原因 ,整个清代满族贵族有使用家奴的习俗 ,家奴的地位和处境不同于奴隶制度下的奴隶。在《儿女英雄传》中的安家就有许多家奴 ,对安家的家奴进行分析研究 。

从《歧路灯》看清中叶的奴婢制度

李绿园的长篇小说《歧路灯》以十八世纪的河南开封为背景,对清代中叶多姿多彩的社会生活和文化风习作了详细的描绘。本文试图通过《歧路灯》和清代其它小说中的"投词"、"家生子"等词语来考察、解读清代中叶的奴婢制度。

《红楼梦》对于“人称”的运用

曹雪芹在《红楼梦》中对于“人称”的运用也是颇具匠心的。由于这个问题至今还很少有人提起,为了拾遗补阙,以期引起学术界的注意,特列举数例并作一剖解如下: (一)既是咱们的孩子要捐 秦可卿死后,为了丧礼上风光些,剩大明宫掌宫内监戴权亲来上祭,贾珍谈到要与贾蓉(秦可卿的丈夫)捐个前程—— 戴权道:“事倒凑巧,正有个美缺:如今三百员龙禁尉……还剩了一个缺。谁知永兴节度使冯胖子要求与他孩子捐,我就没功夫应他。既是咱们的孩子要捐,快写个履历来。(引自花城版肃像新注程甲本第十三回,以下只交代回目,不再注明版来) 查戴权与贾珍既非同宗,亦“非拜把子”的兄弟,为什么这样亲热,把贾蓉称做“咱们的孩子”呢? 这正是书中在“人称”运用上的发微抉隐之笔,切不可掉以轻心,疏忽过去,注意及此才能发现它的微言大义。

Primary study on Nosema bombycis Infecting the Insect of Drosophila

[ Objective ] The aim of this study was to investigate the infectivity of Nosema bombycis to drosophila, which offered a new vision for systematical studies on the infection mechanism of Nosema bombycis, and also provided reference for the bio-control effect of Nosema bombycis. [ Method ] Nosema bombycis was used to feed wild type and mutant drosophila, and the morphological observation of Nosema bombycis in drosophila body fluid was also analyzed by calcofluor white M2R fluorescent staining. [ Result] Nosema bombycis could infect drosophila, and the number of Nosema bombycis in the infected mutant drosophila was higher than that in wild type drosophila. [ Conclusion ] Nosema bombycis can infect drosophila, which provides primary reference for studies on the infectivity of Nosema bombycis to other hosts and also lays a foundation for further study on the infection mechanism of Nosema bombycis.

Genetic determination of irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome （IBS） is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder. According to the Rome m criteria, IBS is defined as recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort for at least 3 d per month during the previous 3 mo associated with two or more of the following symptoms： improvement with defecation, onset associated with a change in the frequency of stool and/or onset associated with a change in form or appearance of stool. There is growing evidence regarding the genetic contribution in IBS, however the precise etiology of IBS is still unknown. The evaluation of the genetic influence is based on twin studies, familial aggregation and genetic epidemiological investigations. Most studies showed a concordance for IBS significantly greater in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins. The majority of the studies have shown that familial aggregation may represent exposures to a similar environment, as well as the influence of genetic factors. Whereas no specific gene has been identified in association with IBS, recent studies have noticed the importance of polymorphisms in the promoter region of the serotonin reuptake transporter gene, G-protein beta 3 subunit gene （C825T）, cholecystokinin receptor （CCKAR gene 779T〉C）, and high-producer tumor necrosis factor genotype. Further studies are necessary to determine how genetic factors influence the clinical manifestations and therapeutical response in IBS patients.

Bioinformatics Analysis of VOZ Gene Family in Populus trichocarpa

To explore the biological characteristics of Vascular plant One-Zinc finger(VOZ)gene family in Populus trichocarpa,this paper used bioinformatics to analyze the nucleotide sequences and protein sequences of four members of VOZ gene family of P.trichocarpa.The results showed that the four PtVOZ genes of P.trichocarpa were evenly distributed on four chromosomes.The length and molecular weight of the encoded protein were almost the same,and the subcellular localization was located in the nucleus,belonging to the unstable acidic hydrophilic non-aliphatic soluble protein.The gene structures were all in the patterns of 4 exons and 3 introns.The proportion order of PtVOZ transcription factor secondary structure components was random coil>αhelix>extended strand>βsheets,and the tertiary structure was very similar in spatial conformation.The phylogenetic tree analysis showed that P.trichocarpa was more closely related to VOZ transcription factors of dicotyledons.The four PtVOZ genes of P.trichocarpa were expressed in seedlings and different tissues,but there were differences in the expression intensity.This study provided a necessary theoretical basis for further exploring the molecular biological function of PtVOZ genes.

Effects of nerve growth factor on delayed afterdepolarization and triggered activity in the infarcted ventricle of rabbit model

The noninfarcted myocardium underwent significant electrophysiological remodelling as part of the healed myocardial infarction remodelling. This study aimed at investigating the effects of nervous growth factor （NGF） on delayed afterdepolarizations （DADs） and triggered activity （TA） of the noninfarcted myocardium in the myocardial infarcted rabbit model. Rabbits with the left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion were prepared and recovered for 8 weeks （HMI group, n=9）. Other rabbits with myocardial infarction were infused NGF to the left stellate ganglion （HMI＋NGF group, 400 U/day for 8 weeks, n=8）. Myocytes were isolated from regions of the noninfarcted left ventricular free wall. Action potentials and ion currents were recorded with whole-cell patch clamp. The results showed that more DADs and TA events of HMI＋NGF myocytes than that of HMI and Ctrl group. Iti and ICa-L of NGF＋HMI myocytes were increased significantly compared with HMI and Ctrl cells, which contributed to DADs-related triggered arrhythmia. Comparing with HM1 and Ctrl myocytes, significant prolongations of APD50 and APD90 in HMI＋NGF myocytes were found. The results indicated the electrophysiological change of HMI myocytes with NGF infusion. It suggested that more events of DADs and TA in HMI myocytes with NGF treatment. The underlying mechanism may be involved in the increase of Iti and ICa-L.

There alone the spirit of family endowment problem research

Since the 80 s, our country is working on implementing birth limitation and having only one, ＂one of the most glorious＂ policy, the policy is very good solve the problem of China＇s population rising too rapidly, at the same time also the certain negative impact. In other words, lose the sole group production is to limit the second child victims. Of course, only child＇s death is the biggest hidden trouble, this not only can bring economic loss to lose alone group, will give group cause huge loss alone cannot make up for the spiritual loss. If only children died, their relatives and friends, especially the parents very easily into the depression, are not interested in anything, their thoughts are on the verge of collapse, it is also a need to study and to explore the topic.

Analysis of Energy-saving Behavior among University Students in Vietnam

Currently, in the course of serious environmental problems where the cause is anthropogenic, such as global wanning, not only the technology and policies but also the promotions of pro-environmental behavior are required. However, previous studies reported a gap between high environmental awareness and behavior. So to promote this practice, it is necessary to clarify the determinants that lead to practice. Because of the rapid economic growth in developing countries, including Vietnam, pollution problems and energy consumption are of major importance. This study aims to propose methods to promote pro-environmental practices based on a questionnaire and statistical analysis that investigated university students in Vietnam＇s Ho Chi Minh city. From the factor analysis, in actions to do with the power-saving behavior of standby power and home electronics, and the use of air conditioning, four evaluation criteria including effectiveness, cost feasibility, convenience, and social norms are extracted. The covariance structure analysis showed that the evaluation of convenience represented the strongest causal relation to a given power-saving action, and the action, in turn, can lead to improvements in most practical activities so as to enhance their convenience. Finally, several methods to save energy are proposed based on the results of the questionnaire.

Problems in Nursing Service in Shanghai Single-Child Families and Countermeasures

It has been 30 years since the family planning policy had been implemented in the last 1970s. Today, the first generation of only child has already reached thirties and their parents have entered into old age so that they may confront such a dilemma situation in which they should not only look after their own child but also take care of their parents. The paper find the different demand of the aging people in different type of family through the site investigation about pension service demand in three different kinds of communities in Cao Hejing. The survey mainly make a statistical analysis in economic situation, life care and emotional solace through the on-site questionnaire and interview, finding the particularity of the only child family, sorting out the best pension service strategy for the one-child family through the analysis research and the reference of international practice.

“老北漂”何处“可医”

当漂在北上广的'独生一代'纷纷成家生子,父母离乡过来帮着带孩子就越来越常见。在这种情况下,原有的异地医保制度立刻凸显出僵化、不能满足群众需要的弊端。老父老母的健康得不到保障,小辈们又怎能安心工作?'XX欢迎你'不能只停留在横幅和歌词里。

Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the silkworm

The silkworm,Bombyx mori,played an important role in the old Silk Road that connected ancient Asia and Europe.However,to date,there have been few studies of the origins and domestication of this species using molecular methods.In this study,DNA sequences of mitochondrial and nuclear loci were used to infer the phylogeny and evolutionary history of the domesticated silkworm and its relatives.All of the phylogenetic analyses indicated a close relationship between the domesticated silkworm and the Chinese wild silkworm.Domestication was estimated to have occurred about 4100 years ago(ya),and the radiation of the different geographic strains of B.mori about 2000 ya.The Chinese wild silkworm and the Japanese wild silkworm split about 23600 ya.These estimates are in good agreement with the fossil evidence and historical records.In addition,we show that the domesticated silkworm experienced a population expansion around 1000 ya.The divergence times and the population dynamics of silkworms presented in this study will be useful for studies of lepidopteran phylogenetics,in the genetic analysis of domestic animals,and for understanding the spread of human civilizations.

Understanding enzyme catalysis by means of supramolecular artificial enzymes

Enzymes are biomacromolecules responsible for the abundant chemical biotransformations that sustain life. Recently, biochemists have discovered that multiple conformations and numerous parallel paths are involved during the processes catalyzed by enzymes. It is plausible that the entire macromolecular scaffold is involved in catalysis via cooperative motions that result in incredible catalytic efficiency. Moreover, some enzymes can very strongly bind the transition state with an association constant of up to 1024 M-1, suggesting that covalent bond formation is a possible process during the conversion of the transition state in enzyme catalysis, in addition to the concatenation of noncovalent interactions. Supramolecular chemistry provides fundamental knowledge about the relationships between the dynamic structures and functions of organized molecules. By tak-ing advantage of supramolecular concepts, numerous supramolecular enzyme mimics with complex and hierarchical structures have been designed and investigated. Through the study of supramolecular enzyme models, a great deal of information to aid our understanding of the mechanism of catalysis by natural enzymes has been acquired. With the development of supramolec-ular artificial enzymes, it is possible to replicate the features of natural enzymes with regards to their constitutional complexity and cooperative motions, and eventually decipher the conformation-based catalytic mystery of natural enzymes.

Assessing protein-DNA interactions: Pros and cons of classic and emerging techniques

Investigation of protein-DNA interactions provides important information for understanding gene function and regulation, but identification and validation of specific interactions remain major challenges in the post-genomics era. Therefore, effective and economical methods to assess protein-DNA interactions are highly sought-after by molec- ular biologists.